Ambiyawa, irin su kwadi, toads, salamanders da newts, suna wakiltar ɗaya daga cikin mafi ban sha'awa da bambancin ƙungiyoyi na vertebrates a yanayi. Rayuwarsu, tana da alaƙa ta kusa da ruwa da ƙasa, ta haɓaka juyin halittar hadaddun hanyoyin tsaro. Tsakanin wadannan, samar da guba a cikin fata ya zama babban dabara don guje wa mafarauta da tsira a cikin gasa. Amma ta yaya waɗannan hanyoyin ke aiki? Wadanne nau'ikan guba ne kuma ta yaya suka yi tasiri ga juyin halittar wadannan dabbobi? A ƙasa muna bincika cikakken binciken Halayen masu amphibians masu guba da dabarun tsaro.
Me yasa wasu amphibians guba?
Guba kariya ce mara kyau Mahimmanci a yawancin masu amphibians, musamman tun da ba su da farauta, fangs, ko wasu ingantattun hanyoyin da ke ba su damar tunkuɗe hare-hare. Bayyanar raunin su yana raguwa ta kasancewar ƙwararrun ƙwayoyin fata, waɗanda ke ɓoye abubuwa masu guba yayin haɗuwa ko lokacin da aka kai wa dabba hari. Yawancin amphibians Suna gabatar da wani nau'i na guba, kodayake kaɗan kaɗan ne kawai zai iya cutar da lafiyar ɗan adam sosai.
Wadannan gubobi Suna kare amphibians daga mafarauta marasa adadi, galibi suna aiki azaman abin hana godiya ga su m dandano ko ikonsa na haifar da fushi nan da nan zuwa ga mucous membranes. Dangane da nau'in nau'ikan launuka masu haske, waɗannan suna aiki azaman gargaɗin gani (aposematism) wanda ke ƙarfafa tasirin dafin.
Asalin guba Zai iya bambanta tsakanin nau'in. Yayin da wasu ke samun takamaiman guba daga abincinsu, musamman ta hanyar tururuwa, mites, ko wasu invertebrates masu ɗauke da alkaloid, wasu nau'in suna bayyana suna iya haɗa su da kansu ko kuma ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar ƙwayoyin cuta na symbiotic da ke zaune a fatar jikinsu.
Tsarin juyin halitta ya fi son zaɓin amfibiya tare da ƙarin dafin dafin, tunda waɗannan suna da babbar dama ta tsira da haifuwa. Don haka, akwai akai-akai tseren makamai tsakanin mafarauta da ganima a cikin abin da guba da juriya gare shi ke tasowa hannu da hannu.
Ta yaya amphibians ke samun guba?
Hanyar samun guba A cikin amphibians ya bambanta sosai:
- Samu ta hanyar abinci: Yawancin kwadi da kwadi, irin su shahararrun kwadi masu guba (Dendrobatidae), samun guba (musamman alkaloids) ta hanyar cinye tururuwa masu guba, beetles, millipedes, da mites. Wadannan mahadi suna taruwa kuma ana jigilar su daga sashin narkewar abinci zuwa fata ta hanyar sunadarai masu É—aukar nauyi, suna tabbatar da cewa an adana guba cikin aminci har sai an sake shi.
- HaÉ—in kansaWasu toads, kamar toad na gama-gari, suna da ikon haÉ—a bufotoxins da bufotenins a cikin glandan parathyroid ta hanyar hadaddun hanyoyin rayuwa. Bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna kunna takamaiman kwayoyin halitta bayan an kwashe wadannan gland.
- Haɗin kai tare da ƙwayoyin cuta na symbiotic: A cikin jinsuna kamar sababbin sababbints na Arewacin Amurka (Taricha), An gano kwayoyin cutar fata da ke samar da tetrodotoxin, daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka sani a yanayi.
Wannan hadadden tsari na saye da ajiya yana buƙatar gyare-gyare na physiological na musamman. Alal misali, don guje wa guba, masu amphibians sun haɓaka takamaiman maye gurbi wanda ke canza masu karɓan ƙwayoyin cuta, suna ba da damar juriya ga gubobi na kansu ba tare da shafar aikin al'ada na neurons ba.
Yaya guba take a cikin toads?
A fata na toads suna located da parotoid gland shine yake, alhakin ɓoye guba irin su bufotoxin da bufotenin. Wadannan abubuwa, ko da yake gabaɗaya mara lahani ga mutane ta hanyar hulɗa, na iya zama haɗari idan an sha ko kuma idan sun haɗu da ƙwayoyin mucous. Bayan an yi amfani da toads, mutane sukan fuskanci haushi idan daga baya suka shafa ido ko bakinsu, amma illar yawanci suna da laushi kuma suna raguwa da ruwa mai yawa.
A cikin dabbobin gidaGa karnuka da kuliyoyi, yanayin ya bambanta. Idan kare ya ciji ko ya sha toad, to da sauri za a sha gubar ta bakin, wanda hakan kan haifar da matsalolin zuciya, da kamewa, kuma, a cikin matsanancin hali, mutuwa idan ba a kula da lafiyar dabbobi nan take ba.
Wasu toads, kamar su Sonoran Desert Toad (Babban alvarius), Har ila yau, samar da mahadi tare da tasirin hallucinogenic mai ƙarfi, wanda aka yi amfani da shi tsawon ƙarni a cikin al'ada kuma an yi la'akari da babban haɗari ga lafiya.
Guba a cikin kwaÉ—i
Kwadi suna ba da alamar bambance-bambance dangane da guba. Wasu nau'ikan, irin su koren kwaɗi, ba su da guba. kuma sun dace sosai don amfanin ɗan adam. A daya bangaren kuma, da guba dart kwadi, musamman kwadin zinare (Phyllobates terribilis), suna daga cikin dabbobi masu guba a duniya. Ko da ƙaramin adadin gubar su na iya zama m ga manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa.
La epibatidine, daya daga cikin alkaloids da ke cikin waɗannan kwadi, yana aiki akan tsarin juyayi ta hanyar tsoma baki tare da masu karɓa na acetylcholine, haifar da rikice-rikice, gurguntawa da mutuwa a cikin mintuna idan ba a kula da su yadda ya kamata ba.
Bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna yadda wadannan kwadi suka bunkasa maye gurbi a cikin masu karɓar su na neuronal Wannan yana ba su damar yin rigakafi daga dafin nasu ba tare da lalata ayyuka masu mahimmanci ba. Bugu da ƙari kuma, hanyar da dafin ke bi daga hanji zuwa fata ya ƙunshi furotin na musamman na jigilar kayayyaki, irin su saxiphylline da kuma sunadaran da ke ɗauke da cortisol a cikin mutane, waɗanda ke ba da damar adana gubobi da fitar da su daidai inda ake buƙata.
Dabarar Amphibian Dabara
Guba a cikin amphibians Misali ne bayyananne na aposematism, inda launuka masu haske ke aiki azaman gargaɗi ga mafarauta. Dendrobatids (Gidan dart frog dangin guba) sun shahara saboda launuka masu haske, waɗanda zasu iya zuwa daga rawaya da orange zuwa shuɗi mai zurfi da kore. Ko da yake suna iya zama da sauƙi a gano, tasirin su ya dogara ne da gogewar mafarauta a baya: ƙoƙari guda ɗaya da ya gaza yakan isa ya hana hare-hare na gaba.
Waɗannan gyare-gyare sun ba da damar masu amphibians masu guba su mamaye wurare dabam dabam, ciki har da dazuzzuka masu zafi, dazuzzukan rafuka, wuraren tsaunuka, da tsayin daka sama da mita 2000. Abincin su ya dogara ne akan ƙananan arthropods da kwari, wanda ke ƙarfafa samar da alkaloids masu yawa a cikin nau'in da ke buƙatar su don guba.
Kariyar sinadarai kuma ta ƙunshi makamashi da farashin muhalliAn lura da nau'o'in da ke da kariya mai guba suna da haɗari mafi girma a ƙididdiga fiye da waɗanda ba su da guba, mai yiwuwa saboda ƙwarewar abincin su, ƙananan haifuwa, da kuma rauni ga sauye-sauyen muhalli da lalata wuraren zama.
Halayen manyan amphibians masu guba
- Ruwan guba na zinare (Phyllobates terribilis)An yi la'akari da mafi guba a duniya, yana ɓoye batrachotoxin wanda zai iya kashe manyan dabbobi da sauri. Suna zama galibi a cikin dazuzzukan dazuzzukan Colombia, kuma gubarsu ta dogara da abincin da suke da shi a cikin ƙananan arthropods.
- Dabba mai guba mai launin rawaya (Dendrobates leucomelas): Ya yi fice don tsananin launin rawaya da baƙar fata. Dafinsa yana dauke da alkaloids kuma yana da matukar tasiri a kan mafarauta.
- Sabon fata mai laushi (Taricha granulosa): Yana samar da tetrodotoxin, neurotoxin mai kisa ga yawancin mafarauta. Wannan sabon yana zaune a yammacin Amurka ta Arewa.
- Kankara (Rhinella marina)An san shi don mamaye wuraren zama da kuma kawar da nau'in asali, dafinsa yana da haÉ—ari ga dabbobi da namun daji.
- Salamander gama gari (salamander salamander)Na kowa a Turai, yana É“oye neurotoxins masu É—aci a matsayin tsaro. Hakanan yana da kaddarorin antimicrobial.
WaÉ—annan nau'ikan suna nuna nau'ikan dabaru da daidaitawa iri-iri a cikin masarautar amfibiya masu É—afi.
Daidaita mafarauta da juyin halitta
Sakamakon kai tsaye na gubar amphibian shine fitowar, ta hanyar juyin halitta, na mafarauta masu iya kewaye waɗannan kariya. Wasu dabbobi, irin su otter, polecat da mink, sun koyi fata fata kafin cin su, don haka guje wa hulɗa da fata mai guba kai tsaye. Wasu, irin su garter macizai a Arewacin Amirka, sun haɓaka juriya na jiki ga newt tetrodotoxin.
Dangane da ‘yan Adam, alakar da ake yi da ‘yan amfibiya masu guba ta haifar da amfani da al’ada, kamar yin amfani da guba a cikin kibau da darts wajen farauta, musamman a tsakanin ‘yan asalin Kudancin Amurka.
The matakai na juyin halitta na mafarauta da masu dafin dafin Sun ƙirƙira tseren makamai na gaskiya a yanayi, inda guba da juriya suka samo asali tare, suna ba da izinin bambance-bambancen ra'ayoyin halittu.
Salamanders mai guba da sabbin abubuwa: peculiarities da aikin muhalli
- Na musamman glandSalamanders suna da mucosa, granular, da gauraye gland. Glandar granular, wanda aka rarraba a ko'ina cikin fata kuma musamman a kan kai, suna haifar da gubobi na neuroactive da antimicrobial.
- SabuntawaSalamanders sun shahara saboda iyawarsu ta sake haifar da gaɓoɓi, sassan kashin baya, har ma da gabobin ciki, fasaha da ta dace da yanayin juyin halitta da na likitanci.
- Aposematic launiYawancin salamanders, irin su salamander na kowa, suna nuna launin rawaya mai haske da baƙar fata waɗanda ke nuna rashin lafiyar su. Wasu suna ɗaukar matakan tsaro don haskaka waɗannan wuraren ga mafarauta.
- Rarrabawa da wurin zamaSuna zama galibi a wurare masu É—anÉ—ano, kogo, da katako da suka faÉ—o, kuma suna da yawa a Yammacin Turai. A tsibirin Iberian, ana samun nau'ikan alamu irin su gallipato da marbled newt.
da sabbin abubuwa masu guba, kamar sabon bellied wuta (Cynops pyrrhogaster) da taricha newt, suna ɓoye tetrodotoxin mai kisa sosai. Har yanzu ana ta muhawara kan ainihin tushen wannan guba, amma ana yin la'akari da haɗuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta.
Kula da Kariya da Hatsari ga Dabbobi
Sadarwa kai tsaye tare da masu amphibians masu guba Yana da wuyar haÉ—ari ga mutane, ko da yake yana iya haifar da fushi na gida idan gubobi sun shiga raunuka ko mucous membranes. Yana da mahimmanci a wanke hannuwanku bayan sarrafa kowane amphibian kuma ku guji haÉ—uwa da idanu, baki, ko raunuka.
Babban damuwa yana cikin dabbobin gida irin su karnuka da kuliyoyiHalin su na cizo ko lasa waɗannan dabbobi na iya haifar da guba mai tsanani, tare da alamomi irin su salivation mai yawa, ƙwanƙwasawa, amai, kuma, a cikin matsanancin hali, ciwon zuciya da mutuwa. Idan kun yi zargin wani abu, yana da mahimmanci don ganin likitan dabbobi da sauri.
Kula da amphibians a cikin mazauninsu na halitta Rashin taɓa su shine hanya mafi aminci ga duka mutane da kuma kiyaye waɗannan dabbobi, waɗanda a yawancin lokuta ana kiyaye su saboda yanayin da suke cikin haɗari.
Matsayin muhalli da fa'idodin masu amphibians masu guba
- Kula da kwaroAmphibians suna cinye kwari da yawa da sauran invertebrates, bisa ga dabi'a suna daidaita yawan kwari da sauro.
- Alamun muhalliSaboda fatar jikinsu mai iya juyewa, masu amphibians su ne ainihin masu nuna alamun ruwa da ingancin ƙasa. Kasancewarsu ko raguwar su na iya yin gargaɗi game da kasancewar gurɓatacce ko rashin daidaituwa a cikin yanayin muhalli.
- Kiyaye bambancin halittuYawancin nau'ikan amphibian suna da yawa ga takamaiman yankuna, suna ba da gudummawa ga kiyaye bambancin halittu. Matsayin su a matsayin abin ganima da mafarauta yana tabbatar da daidaiton abinci mai gina jiki na mazauninsu.
Daga cikin mafi munin barazanar da masu amphibians ke fuskanta sun hada da lalata da tarwatsewar wuraren zamansu, gurbatar yanayi, amfani da magungunan kashe qwari, da yaduwar cututtukan fungal da na kwayan cuta da ke shafar al'ummar daji. Canjin yanayi kuma gabatarwar nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan ma sun kara tsananta musu rauni.
Yawancin gubobi da amphibians ke samarwa, irin su tetrodotoxin da epibatidine, ana bincikar su don yuwuwar aikace-aikacen su na likita, musamman a matsayin analgesics marasa ƙarfi na opioid. Wannan ya kara nuna mahimmancin kiyaye nau'ikan sinadarai da nau'in halittun wadannan dabbobi.
Duniyar 'yan amfibiya masu dafin duniya duniya ce ta sauye-sauyen halittu, dabarun juyin halitta, da alakar muhalli wadanda ba wai kawai ke tada sha'awar kimiyya ba amma kuma ke nuna bukatar kiyaye su. Kiyaye bambance-bambancen su da wuraren zama na nufin kare lafiyar muhalli na tsarin halitta da damar ci gaban ilimin halittu da suke bayarwa. Wadannan dabbobin da ba a fahimta ba sau da yawa suna taka rawar da ba za a iya maye gurbinsu ba kuma, nesa ba kusa da zama masu haɗari ga mutane a mafi yawan lokuta, suna aiki a matsayin ƙananan ma'auni na daidaiton yanayi da bambancin halittu.
