Aya daga cikin mahimman hanyoyin nazarin halittu a cikin rayayyun halittu kuma, sama da duka, ga waÉ—anda ke zaune cikin tsarin halittun ruwa shine osmoregulation, kuma aka sani da daidaituwa osmotic.
Duk halayen halayen rayuwa masu mahimmanci don rayuwa suna faruwa a cikin matsakaiciyar ruwa ko matsakaici. Don daidaitaccen aiki na waɗannan halayen, ya zama dole matattarar ruwa da solutes (duk waɗancan ƙananan kwayoyi masu nauyin kwayoyi masu taimakawa kwayoyin daidaituwa osmotic) oscillate a cikin ƙananan ƙananan iyakoki, a cikin aiwatar da ake kira osmoregulation.
Za mu iya ayyana osmoregulation kamar yadda hanyar da ke kula da homeostasis na jiki, wanda ba wani abu ba ne illa iyawar halittu masu rai don kiyaye yanayin cikin su ya dogara da sauye-sauyen da ka iya faruwa a waje ta hanyar musayar kwayoyin halitta da makamashi da shi.
Duk wannan ya dogara ne a hanya mai mahimmanci akan sarrafawa motsi na solutes data kasance a cikin ruwaye na ciki da wadanda aka samu a cikin muhalli. Wannan ya kai mu ga tsari a cikin motsin ruwa taka muhimmiyar rawa.
Cewar ka'idojin motsin ruwa ana aiwatar dashi ta osmosis, wanda al'amari ne na zahiri wanda ya danganci motsin wani ruwa mai narkewa ta hanyar membrane mai iya jurewa. Wannan lamari ya taso godiya ga a watsawa wanda baya buƙatar kashe kuzari kuma yana da mahimmanci ga daidaitaccen tsarin rayuwa na salon salula.
A ƙarshe, da osmoregulation taimaka wajen tabbatar da cewa maida hankali ne akan solutes halittun da ke ciki (misali, a cikin sel) da yanayin da ke kewaye da su suna daidaita juna ta hanyar gudana ta hanyar membranes semipermeable. Wannan yanayin yana ba da damar tsara tsarin osmotic matsa lamba (matsi da aka yi don dakatar da kwararar sauran ƙarfi shiga cikin membrane).
Osmotic a cikin dabbobi
A yawancin dabbobi, ruwan da ke ba da ƙwayoyin halitta sune isosmotic idan aka kwatanta da ruwan da ke tare a cikin sel. Wannan yana nufin cewa ruwayen ciki da na waje suna da a irin wannan matsa lamba osmoticWannan yana hana tantanin halitta daga kumburi da yawa, kamar yadda zai faru a cikin a hypotonic bayani, ko rumtsewa, wani abu da ke faruwa a cikin hypertonic mafita.
Don samun damar kiyaye wadancan ruwan isosmotic A ɓangarorin biyu na membrane plasma, sel da yawa suna amfani da su jigilar ion mai aiki (misali yin famfo Na+ a waje) wanda ke buƙatar kashe kuzarin kuzari, haɓaka hanyoyin da ba su dace ba.
Kwayoyin dabbobi suna gani a cikin isosmotic bayani matsakaiciyar dacewa don daidaitaccen aiki da haɓakawa. A cikin tsire-tsire, ba haka lamarin yake ba: ƙwayoyin shuka waɗanda aka samo a cikin a isosmotic bayani na iya fama da asarar gashi turgor, tun da bangon tantanin halitta yana riƙe da solutes kuma ya dogara da matsananciyar ciki.
Motsa jiki da aiki na ruwa da ions
El wuce gona da iri ba ya haɗa da amfani da makamashi: ions Suna yaduwa daga matsakaici daga mafi girma zuwa ƙananan taro kuma, ta hanyar osmosis, da ruwa yana motsawa a gaba. Yawan yaduwar ionic zai iya shafar ta da zazzabi, yayin da osmosis ya dogara da m gradient.
El wucewa mai aiki yana buƙatar makamashi na rayuwa. Ana amfani dashi don kawar da wuce haddi ions (sharar jiki) ko don sha abubuwan da ake bukata wanda ya saba wa gradient. A cikin kifi, wannan jigilar yana faruwa ne musamman a ciki Kwayoyin epitheliala cikin hanji y en el koda.
Hormones da kuma endocrine iko na osmoregulation
Osmoregulation an daidaita shi ta hanyar kwayoyinA cikin marine kifi, da cortisol yana inganta fitar da gishiri a cikin gills; a cikin ruwa mai ruwa, prolactin yana inganta shayarwar ion da riƙe ruwa. calcitonin yana tasiri kula da calcium kuma permeability na membranes. Bugu da kari, axis GH/IGF-1 (girman hormone / insulin factor) yana sauƙaƙe haɓakawa zuwa yanayin saline, kuma teleosts suna amfani da mai karɓa na mineralocorticoid tare da cortisol azaman ligand mai aiki don daidaita jigilar ionic.
Osmoregulation a cikin dabbobin ruwa
Dabbobin ruwa sun dace da wurare masu yawa, daga ruwa mai daɗi (tare da kaɗan kaɗan solutes) zuwa ruwan hypersaline (tare da yalwatacce solutes). Wannan yana jefa su cikin matsala daidaituwa osmotic daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari, kowane nau'i yana aiki a cikin a na yanayi osmolarity kewayon ƙaddara.
- Pinholes: kwayoyin da ke jure wa kunkuntar kewayon gishiri na muhalli, duka a cikin ruwa mai dadi da gishiri.
- Eurihalino: kwayoyin da ke jure wa nau'in nau'in gishiri, samun damar rayuwa da motsawa tsakanin sabo, mara kyau da ruwan teku, alal misali wasu da ke yin hijira tsakanin koguna da teku.
Akwai manyan hanyoyi guda biyu don cimma wannan: osmoregulation:
El osmoconformism yana nufin dabbobin da ke ciki daidaituwa osmotic tare da muhallin da suke rayuwa, wato ruwan jikinsu ya kusa isosmotic dangane da muhalli. Suna yawanci halittun ruwa, musamman da yawa invertebrates da wasu cartilaginous vertebrates da suka taru urea da sauran osmolytes don daidaita matsa lamba na osmotic na yanayi.
Dabbobin masu sarrafawa kula da ciki osmolarity bambanta da na matsakaici, rayayye daidaitawa da ma'aunin ruwa da ions. Farashin makamashi ya bambanta bisa ga permeability na saman jiki. Idan da osmolarity na ruwan jiki ya fi na muhalli girma, dabba ne hyperosmotic; idan ya rage, to hypoosmotic.
Acclimatization da salinity canji
Nau'in euryhaline (misali, wasu da ke ƙaura tsakanin koguna da teku) suna fuskantar ƙarin ƙalubale. Haɓaka su ya ƙunshi canje-canje a hankali a cikin Maganar masu jigilar ionic a cikin gills da hanji, gyare-gyare a cikin aikin koda kuma mai kyau tsarin hormonal (Cortisol, prolactin, GH/IGF-1). Waɗannan canje-canje suna buƙatar lokaci da makamashi; sabili da haka, kwatsam bambance-bambance a cikin salinity na iya haifarwa damuwa osmotic.
Osmoregulation a cikin kifin ruwa mai kyau
A cikin ruwa mai tsabta, maida hankali na ions jiki ya fi wanda yake cikin ruwa girma. Wannan yana haifar da a watsa ruwa cikin ciki na kifi ta hanyar epithelium na gills da fata. Ba tare da tsari ba, wannan kwararar na iya kumbura kyallen takarda kuma ya lalata ayyuka masu mahimmanci.
Don ramawa, koda na waÉ—annan kifin yana haifar da manyan kundin fitsari sosai diluted (high glomerular tacewa), wanda damar da fitar da wuce haddi na ruwa. Yayin da yawan gishirin su ya wuce na muhalli, kifin ya yi hasara wajan ta hanyar watsawa, don haka dole ne su reabsorb gishiri ta hanyar sel na musamman a cikin gills kuma samun su ta hanyar ciyar.
A cikin epithelium reshe, musayar ion yana da alaƙa da musayar ion kanta. metabolism. Ana juya carbon dioxide zuwa bicarbonate kuma ana yin musayar tare da ions kilogiramyayin da ammonium (daga furotin catabolism) ana iya fitar da shi ta hanyar musanya shi da sodium. Don haka, da fitar da sharar gida yana haɗe tare da kula da ionic homeostasis.
El pH na yanayin ruwa waɗannan musayar: a cikin ƙarin mahalli acid, Samun Na+ yana da wahala, kuma sodium na iya taruwa a cikin jini kuma ya haifar da shi edema ko ascites a cikin jinsuna masu mahimmanci. Kula da a m pH kuma a cikin kewayon nau'ikan yana da mahimmanci don guje wa rikicewar osmotic.
A cikin aquariophilia, yana da mahimmanci don ƙara ƙananan adadin gishiri marar chlorinated a cikin wuraren ruwan da aka yi amfani da su kwanan nan lokacin da kwanciyar hankali na halitta bai wanzu ba. Kasancewar wasu ions a cikin ruwa yana sauƙaƙe musayar a cikin gills kuma yana taimakawa sarrafa ammonia a lokacin maturation na tsarin. Ya kamata a yi da shi ma'auni kuma bisa ga nau'ikan, tun da wasu suna kula da haɓaka haɓakawa.
Osmoregulation a cikin kifin ruwan gishiri
A cikin kifi na ruwa, yanayin waje shine hyperosmotic dangane da ruwan ciki. Saboda haka, ruwa yakan yi barin jiki ta hanyar osmosis da ions daga cikin teku shiga ta hanyar watsawa ta cikin gillsBabban hadarin shine jin dadi idan ba a gyara ba sosai.
Don guje wa rashin ruwa, kifin ruwa suna shan ruwan teku da sha ruwa a ciki hanji bayan hazo da ware wani bangare na gishiri. Yawan wuce gona da iri Nacl Ana kawar da shi a cikin gills ta ƙwayoyin chloride (mai arziki a cikin mitochondria) wanda ke ɓoyewa kolori ta takamaiman tashoshi da kuma fitar da su sodium ta hanyoyin paracellular. Wasu daga cikin ragowar ana fitar dasu stool y fitsari.
Ba kamar kifin ruwa ba, yawancin kifin ruwa suna samarwa fitsari kadan kuma tare da babban taro na sigina. Wannan yana da alaƙa da ƙananan gaban glomeruli a cikin koda; wasu nau'ikan, kamar bakin ruwa, bunkasa koda aglomerular. Don murmurewa ruwa kuma iyakance asarar, suna da tsayi na koda tubules da ingantattun hanyoyin sake dawowa.
A cikin kifin cartilaginous na ruwa (ba kowa ba ne a cikin aquariums na gida), dabarun ya bambanta: su ne osmoconformers masu tarawa urea da sauran osmolytes don daidaita matsi na osmotic tare da teku, suna fitar da gishiri mai yawa ta hanyar glandon na musamman. Wannan ambaton yana kwatanta bambancin juyin halitta mafita ga matsalar osmotic iri É—aya.
El damuwa yana canza osmoregulation: canje-canje kwatsam a cikin gishiri, rashin ingancin ruwa ko rashin isassun kulawa yana lalata tsarin kwayoyin da masu safarar ion. Ko da yake cortisol sauƙaƙe acclimatization ga ruwan gishiri, na kullum danniya compromises da shingen epithelial da ma'auni na ruwa, ƙara haɓakawa zuwa kwayoyin cuta.
Abubuwan da ke cikin kiwo
A cikin samar da kiwo, salinity na ruwa abu ne mai mahimmanci m domin girma. Osmoregulation ya ƙunshi a kashe kuzari wanda idan yana da yawa, yana kwashe albarkatun daga girma riga canza ciyarwar. Daidaita iyakar salinity mafi kyau duka ta nau'in da mataki, tare da da zazzabi y photoperiod, maximizes yawan aiki da jin dadi. A cikin teleost na ruwa, fallasa zuwa yanayin hyperosmotic yana tilasta su ƙara haɓaka excretion na gishiri kuma yana haɓaka farashin metabolism; don haka, masu ruwa da ruwa suna daidaita salinity don ingantawa yi y tsira.
Ma'aunin Osmotic na iya zama kamar hadaddun, amma yana da da muhimmanci don rayuwa. Fahimtar shi yana taimakawa wajen fassara hali da bukatun kifi, duka a cikin daji da kuma a cikin akwatin kifaye. Makullin shine mutunta jeri na muhalli na kowane nau'in, kauce wa canje-canje kwatsam da kuma tabbatar da ingancin ruwa wanda ke kiyaye hanyoyin kariyarsa osmoregulation ba tare da tsadar kuzarin da ba dole ba.
