Duniyar sharks tana da ban sha'awa sosai. Su ne manyan mafarauta na teku daidai gwargwado. Wasu an fi saninsu da tsoro fiye da wasu, kamar yadda lamarin yake White shark ko bijimin kifin, saboda tsananin tashin hankali. Yau zamuyi magana kifin whale. Jinsi ne na orectolobiform elasmobranch wanda yake na dangin Rhincodontidae. Sunan kimiyya shine Rhincodon irin y Ana la'akari da shi mafi girma a cikin kifi a duniya.
Kuna son ƙarin koyo game da shark whale? Anan mun gaya muku komai game da shi halaye da tsarin rayuwa kuma me yasa yake manyan kifi a duniya.
Babban fasali
A dabi'a akwai lokutan da wani suna na wasu jinsin ya kasance saboda kamanceceniya da wata dabba ko abu. Mun sami wasu nau'in kamar kifin kada da kuma kifin gatari, duka suna da kamanninsu da kada da zato, bi da bi. To, Shark Whale ya sami sunansa daga kamanninsa da whaleBa wai kawai saboda girmansa ba, har ma saboda halaye da yawa da yanayin halittarsa.
Yana da girma mai girma wanda akai-akai ya wuce mita 10-12 a tsayi., tare da rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce masu tsayi sama da m 12 da talakawan da suka wuce tan 20. Yana zaune a cikin ruwa masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi kuma, saboda halayensa na jiki da na jiki, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai ninkaya mara inganci idan aka kwatanta da sauran sharks. motsi a kusan 5 km / h da yin amfani da babban sashe na jiki don motsa jiki.
Cikin kifin kifi fari ne da baya mai launin toka ko duhu, tare da dumbin moles da haske a kwance da layukan a tsaye, wani tsari mai kama da allo. Wannan zane ne na musamman ga kowane mutum kuma Ana amfani da shi azaman “sawun yatsa” don tantance hoto da ƙidayar yawan jama'a, masu amfani don tattara bayanai tabo daga kamun kifi da yawon bude idoA wasu wuraren kuma ana kiranta da kifi domino ko kifi mai duba.
Fata na iya kaiwa har zuwa 10 cm kauri kuma an lulluɓe shi da ƙwararrun haƙora waɗanda ke rage gogayya. Jikin yana da tsayi kuma yana da ƙarfi, tare da tsinkayar tsayi a kai da baya; kan yana da fadi kuma yana da fadi kuma yana da manyan guda biyar na gill tare da manyan tsaga. Ƙaƙƙarfan ɓangarorin suna da ƙarfi, yana da ƙofofin baya biyu, kuma ƙoƙon caudal yana canzawa da shekaru: A cikin matasa, lobe na sama ya fi girma, yayin da a cikin manya yana ɗaukar siffar semilunar, maɓalli don motsawa.
Bakin yana da girma (yana iya buɗewa 1,5 m fadi) kuma ya ƙunshi ɗaruruwan ƙananan layuka na haƙora waɗanda, a zahiri, Ba sa taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin abinci mai gina jikiWannan gibin yana ba da damar kifin kifin kifin ya cinye ruwa mai yawa tare da ƙananan ganima kuma, na musamman, kama ƙananan kifi a rukuni.
Bayan bayyanarsa na waje, shark whale yana da siffofi na ciki na musamman: kwarangwal na cartilaginous sassauƙa da nauyi, rashi na haƙarƙari (maye gurbinsa da subdermal collagen "corset") da kuma tsarin haɓaka mai zurfi. Yana da Lorenzini ampoules don gano filayen lantarki, layin injin injina na gefe don fahimtar canje-canjen matsa lamba da kuma mafi girman kunnen ciki da aka rubuta tsakanin kashin baya, mai kula da shi. ƙananan sautunan mita.
Whale shark mazauninsa
Wannan shark yana rayuwa dumi, wurare masu zafi da ruwaye masu zafi, tare da fifiko ga yanayin zafi tsakanin 20 da 35 ºC. Ana lura da shi a cikin buɗaɗɗen teku da yankunan bakin teku masu albarka, saura kullum tsakanin ± 30° latitudeAna samun sau da yawa a cikin teku, amma kuma a cikin murjani atolls, lagoons da kuma kusa da bakin kogi, inda yawan aiki ke jawo hankalin plankton.
Ana tsammanin su kifaye ne masu ɓacin rai waɗanda suke ciyar da yawancin lokacinsu kusa da saman, kodayake lokaci-lokaci, sauka zuwa kusan 700 mA cikin wasu yanayi, suna yin ƙaura mai nisa zuwa yankunan bakin teku da aka fi sani da tari: Ningaloo Reef a Yammacin Ostiraliya; Donsol dan Batangas a Philippines; Tsibirin Holbox, Yucatan Peninsula, da Baja California a Mexico; Utila a Honduras; bakin tekun na Zanzibar (Pemba and Unguja) in Tanzania; da kuma yankunan Caribbean kamar Belize da maki na gabashin wurare masu zafi na Pacific.
Yawancin lokaci yana ɗaukar a zaman kadaici, ko da yake a lokacin yalwar abinci yana haifar da gungun mutane da dama ko ma daruruwan mutane a wasu wurare. Daga cikin wadannan sharks, Maza suna yawan tafiya kuma ana iya gani a wurare daban-daban, yayin da mata ke nuna aminci ga wasu wurare.
Tambarin tauraron dan adam da binciken gano hoto ya nuna m tsarin ƙaura, tare da ƙananan yara da suka rage na dogon lokaci a cikin wuraren da aka kayyade (don abinci da ƙananan haɗari) da kuma manya masu tafiya dubban kilomita tsakanin wuraren ciyarwa da wuraren da za a iya kiwo.
Abincin
Wani dalili kuma ana kiransa shark whale shine saboda yanayin ciyarwarsa. Duk da abin da za ku iya tunani lokacin da kuka ji kalmar "shark," ba shi da haɗari ga mutane. Akasin haka: ba shi da wata barazana kuma da wuya ya kula da iri-iri.
Ana ciyar da shi tacewa, kamar baleen Whales. Tare da bask shark da kuma megamouth shark, yana daya daga cikin nau'in kifin shark guda uku masu tacewa. Abincinta ya dogara ne akan phytoplankton, zooplankton da nekton.: microscopic algae, krill, qwai da tsutsa, kananan crustaceans (kamar kaguwa tsutsa), makarantu. de peces ƙananan kifi (sardines, mackerels, tuna tuna, anchovies) da squid. Don abubuwan da suka faru na musamman, yi amfani da su taro spawning (misali, murjani ko kifi) waɗanda ke haifar da "miya" na qwai da tsutsa a cikin ginshiƙi na ruwa.
Hakora kanana ne kuma Ba sa sa baki wajen ciyarwaShark whale yana tsotsar ruwa mai yawa kuma, idan ya rufe bakinsa, yana tace shi da tsegumi, yana fitar da ruwa kusan "tsabta". Yana iya zubar da ruwa ba tare da buƙatar ci gaba ba, sau da yawa ɗaukar matsayi a tsaye da motsi sama da ƙasa yayin tacewa. Yana iya famfo kimanin lita 1,7 a sakan daya da tace dubban lita a cikin awa daya, tarko barbashi ya fi girma fiye da 2-3 mm da kuma riƙe ko da mafi kyawun barbashi godiya ga tsarin ciki da dermal denticles.
Yana amfani da dabarun ciyarwa da yawa: ciyar da rago (yin iyo tare da buɗe baki lokacin da yawan ganima ya ragu); tsotsa a tsaye (hadiya ruwa da abinci a hutawa, dace da matsakaicin yawa); kuma RAM mai aiki a saman (yana yin iyo a cikin da'ira tare da wani sashi na jikinsa a cikin babban adadin plankton). A"reshe tari” don tsaftace abubuwan da aka tara a cikin tacewa.
A cikin halayensu da mutane an saba ganin su m da natsuwa tare da iri-iriAkwai rahotannin da ke bayyana yadda wasu mutane ke fitowa ciki suna barin masu ruwa da tsaki su kawar da kwayoyin cutar, duk da cewa alhaki shine. guji taba su don kada ya lalata mucosa.
Sake bugun
Ko da yake yana da wuya a gano yadda yanayin haifuwarsa ya kasance, an tabbatar da hakan mata suna ovoviviparousMatasan suna ƙyanƙyashe daga kwai a cikin mahaifiyarsu kuma, da zarar sun girma, an haife su da rai. Jarirai suna auna tsakanin 40 zuwa 60 cm a tsawon kuma adadin tsira ya yi ƙasa. An rubuta sunayen mata daruruwan embryos a cikin oviducts, ɗayan mafi girman lambobi da aka rubuta a cikin sharks.
Ba a san da yawa game da samfuran samari ba tun ba kasafai ake ganin su baHar ila yau, babu cikakkun bayanai game da ci gabanta na farko a cikin mazaunin halitta, amma an kiyasta hakan Suna kai girman jima'i a kusa da 9 m tsawon kuma tsawon rayuwarsu na iya wuce gona da iri shekaru takwasWani ɓangare na sake zagayowar haihuwa zai iya faruwa a yankuna zurfin teku, wanda ke sa lura kai tsaye yana da wahala.
Dimorphism na jima'i yana da dabara (maza suna nan pterygopodia kuma, a matsayinka na gaba ɗaya, mafi girman hali don motsawa tsakanin yankuna). Kasancewar manyan mata masu juna biyu a cikin hanyoyin teku yana nuna hanyoyin ƙaura da ke da alaƙa da haifuwa.
Taxonomy da sunaye
Shark whale shine kadai mai rai memba na iyali Rhincodontidae da na jinsi Rhincodon. An rarraba shi kamar: Masarautar dabbobi, Filo chordata, Subphylum Kashin baya, Darasi Ndan Sanda, Subclass elasmobranchii, Superorder selachimorpha, Oda orectolobiformes, Iyali Rhincodontidae, Jinsi Rhincodon, Nau'i R. typus. A yankuna daban-daban da wallafe-wallafen tarihi ya samu ma'ana kamar yadda Rhineodon, Rhinodon o Miristodus punctatusA Vietnam ana girmama shi a matsayin "Ka Ong“(Mr. Fish), kuma a cikin ƙasashen da ke jin Mutanen Espanya an saba ji domino kifi ko ladyfish, saboda mottled tsarin.
Hali, ƙaura da zamantakewa
Ana la'akari da shark whale rashin zaman lafiya, ko da yake yana haifar da tarin yanayi na yanayi a wuraren da ke da abinci. Yawancin lokaci ana ganin su a ciki matsayi na tsaye lokacin da ake ciyar da plankton da aka tattara da kuma yin saurin motsin kai kusa da saman don haɓaka kama.
Binciken tauraron dan adam ya bayyana hanyoyi na dubban kilomita tsakanin wuraren ciyarwa da hanyoyin kiwo masu yuwuwa. A cikin manyan gulfs da bays, babban kaso na ragowar yara dogon lokaci kafin tarwatsawa; a nasu bangaren, manyan mata da yawa suna tafiyar da hanyoyinsu zuwa ga tsibiran teku inda ake yin rikodin gani na masu juna biyu akai-akai.
A wasu wurare a cikin Caribbean, sharks whale suna taruwa don ciyarwa rowa snapper a lokacin ƙayyadaddun matakan lunar. Wadannan trophic "windows" Suna bayanin kololuwar da za a iya tsinkaya a cikin abubuwan gani da haɓakar ingantaccen tsarin yawon shakatawa.
Kimiyya da Genomics: maɓallan tsawon rayuwarsa
Halin halittar whale shark yana kusa 3,2 Gb tare da abun ciki na GC kusa da 42% da kuma babban adadin abubuwan da za a iya jujjuyawar kwayoyin halitta (kusan rabin kwayoyin halitta, tare da yalwar LINEs). dubun dubatar kwayoyin halitta kuma, idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙididdiga, ƙimar juyin halittar sa musamman lentaBabban juzu'in kwayoyin halittarsa na kakanni ne, ko da yake wani muhimmin sashi yana nuna sabbin abubuwa na kwanan nan.
An gabatar da dangantaka tsakaninta low basal metabolism kudi (daidaita don taro da zafin jiki), babban nauyin jiki da sanannensa longevity. Bugu da kari, da girman intronic da jinsin halittu Sun kasance mafi girma a cikin hanyoyin da ke da alaƙa da haɗin kai na neuronal, metabolism, da kuma kula da telomere, halayen da tare zasu iya taimakawa wajen tsawon rayuwa da kuma raguwar canjin kwayoyin halitta.
Kiyayewa, barazana da alhaki da yawon shakatawa
IUCN ta jera nau'in a matsayin Yana cikin haɗariDaga cikin manyan barazana akwai: kama kama a cikin kamun kifi, farauta ba bisa ka'ida ba, karo da tasoshin, gurbacewar ruwa (ciki har da plastics) da kuma canjin wurin zama. The canjin yanayi, tare da ɗumamar saman teku da canje-canje a cikin yawan aiki, zai iya maye gurbin mahimman wuraren ciyarwa kuma yana shafar hanyoyin ƙaura.
A kasashe da dama haka yake ya hana kamun kifi sannan an kafa wuraren da aka kare ruwa da kuma ka'idoji don daidaita harkokin yawon bude ido. Bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa matsin lamba na yawon bude ido mara kyau Zai iya canza ɗabi'a (tsawon lokacin da aka kashe don guje wa jiragen ruwa, ƙarancin ciyarwar abinci, da ƙarin kashe kuɗi). Don haka, ana ba da shawarar: kar a taba su, ko kuma a toshe musu ci gabansu, kula da mafi ƙarancin nisa na 3 m (kuma kada ku kusanci gaba), kar a yi amfani da walƙiya a cikin daukar hoto da cewa tasoshin suna kiyaye akalla 20 m da rage gudu a wuraren gani.
A cikin layi daya, maye gurbin abubuwan amfani da abubuwan cirewa don ingantaccen tsarin ecotourism Yana amfanar al'ummomin gida ta hanyar mayar da nau'in nau'in su zama dukiya mai rai mai dorewa, da ƙarfafa kariyar doka da zamantakewa.
Inda zan ga sharks whale?
Abubuwan da aka fi sani da tarawa suna cikin: Ningaloo Reef (Yammacin Ostiraliya), Donsol, Batangas dan Oslob (Philippines), Tsibirin Holbox, Isla Mujeres, da bakin tekun arewa maso gabas na Quintana Roo (Meziko), La Paz Bay da kuma arewacin Gulf of California (Meziko), Utila (Honduras), Belize (Karibiyya), Zanzibar and Mafia Islands (Tanzaniya), Tofo (Mozambik), Tsibirin Pearl (Panama), Maldives, Yibuti har ma da takamaiman wuraren da ke cikin yanayin Pacific da Atlantic. Waɗannan yankuna suna ba da yanayi na babban yuwuwar haɗuwa, galibi ana danganta su da plankton spikes da hayayyafa, galibi tsakanin ƙarshen bazara da lokacin rani ko kuma lokacin watannin canjin yanayi.
Whale shark (Rhincodon irin) shi ne kifi mafi girma a cikin teku, kuma ko da yake iya ganinsa a cikin daji da yin iyo da shi yana da ban sha'awa. Abincin su yana dogara ne akan planktonMasu sa kai masu haɗin gwiwa suna haɗin gwiwa tare da wurare daban-daban, inda a lokacin lokacinku na kyauta zaku iya yin balaguro kuma, tare da sa'a, har ma ku gan su. Domin kwarewa ce da ba za a manta da ita ba.
A yau za mu ba ku ɗan ƙarin bayani game da su kuma wasu son sani wanda ba ku sani ba. Wannan dabba na iya girma zuwa sama da mita 12 a tsayi kuma yana auna fiye da ton 21; shi ya sa ya zama kifi mafi girma a duniya. Kuma duk da girmansa, wanda ke da girma, yana da a m kato Sanannen natsuwa da cin abincin tacewa.
Jikinsa mai tsawo an lullube shi da spots da Lines, wani tsari na musamman ga kowane mutum. Kan yana da fadi da fadi, tare da kananan barbels na hanci, kuma bakinsa na iya auna har zuwa mita 1,5. Ko da yake tana da ɗaruruwan layuka na ƙananan hakora, baya amfani da su wajen taunawa: tace ruwa ta cikin gills, rike plankton, kananan kifi da crustaceans. Ya fi son ruwan dumi inda ya bi ƙaura na plankton, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ya kasance a cikin wurare masu zafi da zafi mai zafi.
Haifuwar kifin kifin kifi har yanzu yana da asirai. An san cewa shi ne ovoviviparous; jarirai suna auna tsakanin 40 zuwa 60 cm kuma an yi imanin cewa balaga Ya kai kusan 9 m. Harka tare da fiye da embryo 300 a mace guda. Nau'in shine Yana cikin haɗari bisa ga IUCN saboda kamun kifi na bazata, zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa, gurbatar yanayi da farauta da aka yi niyya a wasu yankuna, baya ga asarar muhalli mai nasaba da yanayi.
An aiwatar da su a duk duniya matakan kiyayewa: haramcin kamun kifi da wuraren kariyar ruwa. Whale shark kallon yawon shakatawa ke haifarwa m samun kudin shiga, yana ƙarfafa kariyar su, muddin ana bin kyawawan halaye don rage damuwa ga dabbobi.
WASU ABUBUWA
- Suna iya rayuwa shekaru (80-100 shekaru); don ƙididdige shekarun su, ana nazarin makada girma na vertebral da dabarun yin alama.
- Karɓa sunayen gida a matsayin "butanding" a cikin Philippines ko "domino" a Mexico; A Vietnam ana girmama shi a matsayin "Ca Ong".
- Yana da jinkirin ninkaya (kusan kilomita 5 / h) amma yana iya yin ƙaura mai tsawo tsakanin wuraren ciyarwa da kiwo.
- Ko da yake yana da dubban kananan hakora, ciyarwa ya dogara da guntu combs da tsotsa.
A INA ZAMU SAMU SU?
- MEXICO: Tsibirin Holbox, Isla Mujeres, Yucatán Peninsula, da La Paz Bay. Tari na yanayi mai alaƙa da plankton da haifuwa.
- FILIPI: Donsol a Oslo. Abubuwan gani na halitta ne a Donsol; akwai hanyoyin ciyarwa masu kawo gardama a Oslob.
- AUSTRALIA: Ningaloo Reef. Ƙauran da za a iya tsinkaya a lokacin babban yanayi.
- MALDIVES da DJIBOUTI: Gani na faruwa duk shekara, tare da kololuwa a lokacin damina.
- SEYCHELLES, MOZAMBIQUE da TANZANIA: Tofo da Mafia Island wurare ne masu ban sha'awa a lokacin yalwar plankton.
- SAURAN: Belize, Utila, Tsibiran Lu'u-lu'u da maki a cikin Gabashin wurare masu zafi na Pacific.
Shark whale yana daya daga cikin abubuwan al'ajabi na teku. katuwar leaker wanda ke kiyaye ma'auni na gidajen abinci ta hanyar cinye plankton da ƙwai de pecesIna fatan wannan bayanin zai taimaka muku ƙarin koyo game da shark whale kuma, sama da duka, godiya da mahimmancin kare shi don kasancewarsa ya ci gaba da mamakin tekuna a duniya.
