Ambiyawa dabbobi ne masu rarrafe wanda aka siffanta da samun danda da m fata, ba tare da ma'auni ba.
A cikin wannan labarin za mu bayyana duk asirin waɗannan dabbobin, farawa da haifuwa na amphibians, nau'ikan amphibians da ke wanzu, wasu misalai da sauransu curiosities wanda na tabbata zai yi muku amfani sosai.
Sake bugun amphibians
Da yake oviparous, haifuwa na amphibians Ta qwai ne. Dabbobi masu rarrafe da dabbobi masu shayarwa suna haifuwa ta hanyar hadi na ciki (a cikin mace) yayin da yawancin masu amphibians, musamman anurans (kwadi da toads), mafi yawan nau'in shine hadi na waje.
La Haki na amphibians yawanci yana faruwa a cikin ruwa mai dadi, domin irin wannan nau'in ruwa yana kare ƙwai a lokacin girma kuma yana ramawa rashin harsashi da abubuwan da aka makala kamar amnion. Saboda haka, qwai dole ne su kasance a ciki m yanayi wanda ke hana bushewa, wanda ke bayyana alakar kungiyar ta dindindin da ruwa.
Hadi, kasancewar waje a cikin anura, yana biye da tsari mai mahimmanci: namiji yana riƙe da mace ta hanyar amplexus kuma yayin da take sakin ƙwai, namiji Yana zubar musu da maniyyinsa don taki su. Kwai sun kasance a cikin ruwa suna samar da gungu ko igiyoyi, ko haɗe da ciyayiLarvae na ruwa suna fitowa daga gare su.
Duk a cikin kifi da amphibians, wanda hadi daga waje ya fi yawa, Kwai suna da bakin ciki, suturar gelatinous don ba da damar wucewar maniyyi. Saboda haka, yawanci sukan zauna a cikin ruwa, suna manne tare da kafawa bunches ko igiyoyi masu girma, dangane da nau'in.
Amphibians an haifesu azaman tsutsa na ruwa mai motsi da wutsiya yana huci gillsLokacin da tsutsa, wanda ake kira tadpole, ya girma sosai, yana yin wani tsari na metamorphosis zurfi. Sai dai wasu nau'ikan kwadi daga dazuzzukan dazuzzukan da ke da zafi ci gaba kai tsaye, waɗannan halayen tsutsa sun ɓace kuma suna haɓaka huhu da gabobi kamar yadda tadpoles girma.
Wannan ajin na vertebrate amphibian an yi shi da su kwadi, toads, salamanders da caeciliansSuna da ikon zama duka a ciki da wajen ruwa, ko da yake suna bukata m yanayi, tun da fatarsa tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen numfashi da daidaiton ruwa.
Hadi na waje, hadi na ciki da kuma amplxuses
A cikin anuran, ka'ida ta gaba ɗaya ita ce hadi na waje tare da amplexus, amma a cikin urodeles (sabbin da salamanders) yana da yawa hadi na ciki ta hanyar a spermatophore cewa namiji ajiya da mace tattara tare da ta cloaca. Amplexus kuma ya bambanta tsakanin nau'in: yana iya zama axilar (namiji ya rike shi a bayan kafafun gaba). inguinal (a matakin hip) ko cephalicWannan bambancin ɗabi'a yana inganta ingancin haihuwa a wurare daban-daban.
Me yasa ruwa yake da mahimmanci don haifuwa?
Amphibian qwai ba su da harsashi mai hana ruwa kamar na dabbobi masu rarrafe da tsuntsaye; kwandonsa shine gelatinous da permeable, don haka suna rasa ruwa cikin sauƙi. Yanayin ruwa ko muhalli tare da m zafi suna da mahimmanci don hana bushewa. Bugu da ƙari, ruwa yana bayarwa narkar da oxygen da matattarar yanayin zafi kwatsam yayin ci gaban amfrayo.
Yawancin nau'ikan sun samo asali dabarun rage kasada as predation ko desiccation: saka a cikin kumfa nests ko kumfa, qwai akan rataye ganye wanda ke faɗowa cikin ruwa idan sun ƙyanƙyashe, ɗakunan ruwa na ƙarƙashin ruwa da iyayen suka tono, ko ma zaɓi na microhabitats kamar bromeliad da ke tara ruwa a cikin ganyen su.
Bambance-bambancen hanyoyin haihuwa a cikin amphibians
Haifuwar amphibians yana da ban mamaki bambantaBinciken kwanan nan ya ba da shawara tsarin rarrabawa wanda ya haɗa da da yawa hanyoyin haihuwa ya danganta da fasali irin su wurin kwanciya (ruwa mai gudana, tafkuna, bromeliad, ƙasa mai ɗanɗano), da kasancewar ko rashin metamorphosis kafin ko bayan ƙyanƙyashe, ko kasancewar sifofi kamar su kumfa nests. Gabaɗaya, an kwatanta fiye da 100,000. saba'in iri-iri tsakanin umarni daban-daban.
Wasu misalan misalan: a cikin wasu kwadi na iyali Pipidae, mata Suna ɗaukar ƙwai a bayansu har sai ƙyanƙyashe; a cikin kwadin bishiya na dazuzzukan dazuzzuka, ana sa qwai a ciki bromeliads ko cavities na bamboo, inda tsutsa suka kammala ci gaban su; akwai nau'ikan da suke ginawa kyamarori na karkashin ruwa don ajiya da kare ƙwai; sauran da suka halarta ci gaba kai tsaye (an haifi matasa a matsayin manya-manyan yara), na kowa a wasu kwadi ganyeKo da a cikin caecilians, an lura da wuraren haihuwa na musamman waɗanda matasa suna ciyar da fata daga uwa, mai arziki a cikin abubuwan gina jiki.
Wannan bambancin kuma ya haɗa da filastik a cikin nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i)): akwai kwadi masu iya zabar tsakanin wurare daban-daban na kwanciya ( tafki, ƙasa mai laushi ko bromeliads) dangane da yanayin gida. Irin waɗannan dabarun suna ƙara haɓaka damar samun nasara ta fuskar sauye-sauyen muhalli, yayin da sauran nau'ikan sun dogara sosai akan yanayin guda ɗaya.
A cikin urodeles, ban da hadi na cikiWasu salamanders suna riƙe ƙwai a cikin oviduct har sai sun haihu. rayuwa matashi cikakken kafa, kuma a cikin da dama na wurare masu zafi amphibians haifuwa faruwa a ƙasa tare da kulawar iyaye dadewa don kula da zafi da guje wa mafarauta.
Dabbobin Ambiya, menene su?
A Latin kalmar amphibian tana da mahimmin ma'ana, a zahiri tana nufin “rayuka biyu”. Kuma wannan shine keɓaɓɓiyar halittar waɗannan dabbobin, masu dacewa da daidaitawa da aiwatar da ayyukansu na ilimin halitta a ciki halittu daban-daban guda biyu: filin ƙasa da yankunan ruwa. Koyaya, za mu ɗan ƙara bincika ƙarin ma'anar amphibian.
Amphibians ɓangare ne na wannan babban gidan rayayyun halittu waɗanda aka keɓe azaman kashin baya (suna da kwarangwal na ciki), anamniotes (Tirrinsa yana tasowa ba tare da amnion ko allantois ba, don haka suna buƙatar zafi waje), tetrapods (tare da gaɓoɓi huɗu, ambulator ko manipulative) da mai yanayin ruwa (zazzabin jikinsu ya dogara da muhalli).
Suna shan wahala lokacin da ake kira metamorphosis (canzawar da suke fuskanta yayin ci gaban su kuma wanda ke shafar ilimin halittar jiki, ayyuka da salon rayuwa). Daga cikin manyan canje-canje akwai nassi daga gills ga huhu, da kuma ci gaban gabobin jiki da resorption na wutsiya a cikin mafi yawan anrans.
Nau'in amphibians
Triton
A cikin wannan babban dangin da amphibians suka girka, zamu iya yin ƙaramin tsari bisa umarni uku: anurans, caudates o urodeles y apodal o motsa jiki.
da anurans Suna haɗa duk waɗannan masu amphibians waɗanda muka fi sani da kwadi da kwaɗi. Yi hankali: kwadi da toad ba jinsi ɗaya ba ne. An haɗa su wuri ɗaya saboda kamanceniyar halittarsu da ɗabi'a, amma suna gabatar da girma bambancin na ciki. Yawancin lokaci ba su da wutsiya a lokacin girma, suna da kafafu na baya mai iko don tsalle kuma, gabaɗaya, hadi na waje.
da urodeles An bambanta su ta hanyar gabatar da a dogon wutsiya da gangar jikin elongated. Idanuwansu ba su wuce gona da iri ba kuma ana iya rufe su da siririyar fata. Anan mun sami sabon, salamanders, furotin y aljannaA yawancin lokuta suna nunawa hadi na ciki da locomotion bisa undulations da quadrupedal gait.
A ƙarshe, akwai nau'ikan amphibians na apodal, waxanda suka fi kowa musamman saboda kamanninsu. Suna kama da a tsutsa ko tsutsar kasa don rashin gaɓoɓi da samun silindrical da tsayin jiki. Yawancin suna rayuwa karkashin kasa kuma suna da hankulan da suka dace da wannan yanayin.
Halayen Amphibian
Kamar yadda muka ce, masu amphibians dabbobi ne masu kaifi kuma suna da "gata" na kasancewa mafi m tsakanin tetrapods wanda ke zaune a Duniya, tare da zuriyar da ta samo asali daruruwan miliyoyin shekaru.
Suna da gaɓoɓi huɗu: gaba biyu da baya biyu. Wadannan gabobin ana kiransu da chiridio, tare da ilimin halittar jiki mai kama da hannun mutum: yatsu hudu a gaban ƙafafu da biyar a baya, ko da yake akwai bambancin dangane da rukuni. Yawancin amphibians kuma suna da a wutsiya mai aiki (musamman urodeles).
Kasancewa daga jini mai sanyi (ectotherms), zafin jikinsu ya dogara da yanayin, tunda ba za su iya ba daidaita zafiWannan yanayin yana motsa aikinsa a ciki m hours ko na dare da kusancinsu da jikunan ruwa.
Son oviparous, tunda an haife su daga ƙwai. Mace ce ke da alhakin shimfida su kuma koyaushe tana yin hakan a cikin ruwa mai ruwa ko yanayi mai danshi. Saboda haka, samari samfurori suna da numfashin gill kuma, a wajen anuran, suna tafiya cikin wani yanayi na tsutsa na ruwa.
Fata ne m kuma ana iya ketare ta kwayoyin da iskar gas. Yawancin nau'ikan suna ɓoye abubuwa masu guba a matsayin tsaro, da kuma fata rayayye shiga a cikin numfashin fata da ma'aunin ruwa. Halinsa m da flake-free yana ba su damar sha ruwa da iskar oxygen, amma kuma yana sa su zama masu rauni jin dadi lokacin da zafi na yanayi yayi ƙasa.
Tsarin jini yana da a tricameral zuciya wanda ya ƙunshi atria biyu da ventricle ɗaya, tare da wurare dabam dabam rufe, biyu kuma bai cika baWannan zane yana ba da damar rabuwa da jini mai iskar oxygen daga jinin maras iskar oxygen.
Ido yawanci mai girma da buguwa, samar da babban filin ra'ayi manufa don farauta. Ko da yake yana iya zama kamar ba haka ba, yawancin amphibians suna da hakora (musamman kanana da kuma a cikin jaws), masu amfani don rike ganima. Su harshe m, musamman a cikin anura, shine kayan aiki mai mahimmanci don kamawa. Tsarin narkewar abinci ya haɗa da a tubular ciki, hanji, koda biyu da mafitsara.
Fata, chromatophores da guba
Fatar amphibians ta ƙunshi mucosa har ma da granular gland wanda ke ɓoye abubuwan kariya. chromatophores (kwayoyin pigment) suna haifar da launi don sake kamanni ko gargadi (aposematism). Magungunan fata masu guba suna taimakawa hana masu farauta kuma zai iya hana fungi da kwayoyin cuta cutarwa ga fata.
Bambance-bambance tsakanin masu amphibians da dabbobi masu rarrafe
- Qwai: a cikin dabbobi masu rarrafe suna da harsashi mai hana ruwa; a cikin amphibians suna da laushi kuma gelatinous.
- yara ƙanana: An haifi dabbobi masu rarrafe a cikin nau'i na manya manya; a cikin amphibians akwai metamorphosis daga tsutsa zuwa babba.
- Taki: dabbobi masu rarrafe, yanar gizo; amphibians, kullum na waje cikin anuran da yanar gizo a cikin urodeles.
- Fata: masu amphibians, m da permeable; dabbobi masu rarrafe, bushe da hana ruwa, an rufe shi da ma'auni.
- Numfashi: dabbobi masu rarrafe, huhun; amphibians, reshe, huhu da fata bisa ga lokaci.
- aiki: amphibians sau da yawa dare kuma ya dogara da zafi; dabbobi masu rarrafe da yawa, da ƙari rana.
Misalan amphibians
Salamander
A zahiri akwai An ƙirƙira kusan nau'ikan amphibians 3.500Koyaya, masana kimiyya sun kiyasta cewa jimlar adadin na iya kasancewa a kusa 6.400 ko fiye, da aka ba da ci gaba da bayanin sabbin nau'ikan.
Lokacin tunanin amphibians, nau'in jinsin yawanci yakan zo a hankali. kwadi ko toad, amma kuma mun samu sabon y salamanders, da masu hankali caecilians.
Waɗannan su ne 'yan misalan masu amphibians, kodayake, a ma'ana, akwai da yawa:
Anderson salamander (Ambystoma andersoni)
Irin wannan salamander kuma ana kiransa da Purépecha axolotl ko achoque. Wani nau'in nau'in halitta ne, ma'ana yana wanzuwa ne kawai a wani takamaiman wuri. A wannan yanayin, yana zaune ne kawai a Laguna de Zacapu, wanda ke cikin jihar Michoacán (Mexico). An siffanta shi da a sarfaraz, guntun wutsiya da gills na waje. Kalarsa orange ko ja, kara da cewa baki tare da jiki, yin shi marar kuskure.
Marbled Newt (Triturus marmoratus)
Ana samunsa musamman a yankin Turai, a arewacin Spain da gabashin Faransa. Yana da a mottled kore mai matukar daukar hankali da layin baya jajaye wanda ke tafiya tare da baya, sifa mai siffa ta ƙungiyar.
Toad na kowa (Bufo bufo)
Na kowa a yawancin Turai da Asiya. Ya fi son wuraren zama da m ruwa, wuraren ban ruwa, da dai sauransu. Juriyarsa ga ruwa rashin inganci ya fifita fadada shi. Yana da launi launin ruwan kasa da fata da warts sananne.
Vermilion kwado (Rana temporaria)
Ya yadu a ko'ina cikin Turai da Asiya. Ko da yake ya fi son wurare danshi, yana ciyar da yawancin lokacinsa a ƙasa. Yana gabatar da bambance-bambance a cikin samfurin launi, tare da yanayin zuwa sautunan launin ruwan kasa da tabo, da kuma a nuna hanci hali sosai.
Wasu misalai masu ban sha'awa
- Unguwar zoma (Alites spp.): namiji dauke da kwanciya an nade shi a kafafun bayansa har sai an sake shi cikin ruwa lokacin da embryos suka shirya.
- Saint Anthony's Frog (hyla spp.): arboreal, tare da m fayafai a kan yatsu da babban gefen gefe; hali na wucin gadi tafkunan.
- Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum): misali neotene, yana kula da fasalin tsutsa (gills na waje) a cikin jihar balagagge.
- Proteus (Proteus anguinu): Urodele mazaunin kogon Turai, rayuwar karkashin kasa kwata-kwata na ruwa da idanu.
- Cecilia (Gymnophilia): amphibians na rayuwa marasa doka burbushin, sau da yawa tare da haifuwa terrestre da kulawar iyaye.
Metamorphosis da yanayin rayuwa
La metamorphosis Yana da mahimmin tsari na nazarin halittu a cikin tarihin rayuwar masu amphibians. Ainihin zagayowar ya ƙunshi matakai guda uku: amfrayo (kwai), tsutsa (tadpole ko gill larva), da babba. Tsawon lokaci da halaye sun bambanta tsakanin jinsuna da muhalli.
- Kwai: Bayan hadi, amfrayo na girma a ciki gelatinous casing permeable, sha ruwa da kumbura, agglutinating da qwai a cikin talakawa ko igiyoyi.
- tsutsa: ciyarwa, girma da numfashi gillsA cikin anura, yana tasowa kafafun baya, sannan kafafun baya, yana rage wutsiya kuma ya sake fasalinsa. tsarin narkewa zuwa ga cin nama.
- Adult: numfashi don huhu da fata, tarwatsawa, neman abokin aure kuma yana maimaita zagayowar. A cikin urodeles, metamorphosis na iya zama bai cika ba ko ma ba ya nan (neoteny) idan yanayin ruwa ya tabbata kuma yana da kyau.
Akwai nau'ikan da ci gaba kai tsaye wanda babu wani lokaci na tsutsa na ruwa na waje: embryos sun cika girma a cikin kwai kuma ana haihuwar yara. a matsayin manya manya, dabarar da ke rage dogaro ga buɗaɗɗen ruwa.
Wakar 'yan amfibiya
A cikin anuran, da canto Yana da mahimmancin kayan aikin sadarwa. Maza suna fitar da sauti zuwa ga jawo hankalin mata, nuna naku yan yanki da daidaita haifuwa. Kowane nau'in yana da a samfurin sauti mallaka wanda ke sauƙaƙe takamaiman ganewa, kuma a cikin kwadi da yawa a jakar murya aiki a matsayin resonator.
Mata yawanci suna a cikin gefen tafkunan sauraron maza da zabar abokin aure ta ingancin waƙa (rhythm, tsanani, mita), yanayin da ke da alaƙa da yanayin jiki da kuma ikon kare ƙasa.
Ciyar da masu amphibians
Manya masu amphibians sun fi yawa dabbobiSuna cinye ganima kai tsaye kamar arthropods (kwari, arachnids), dunƙun ƙasa, dodunan kodi da ƙananan kasusuwa idan girman ya yarda. The harshe mai ɗaci kuma mai ɗaure na kwadi da yawa da ƙwai suna ba da damar kama walƙiya.
Larvae na Amphibian suna nuna nau'ikan abinci iri-iri: wasu suna ciyawa ko tace-ciyarwa, yayin da wasu kuma mai cin namaBa sabon abu ba ne don lura cin naman mutane a tsakanin tudu, musamman ma lokacin da ake fama da karancin albarkatu ko yawan yawa.
Matsayin kiyayewa da barazana
Amphibians suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin mafi barazana na duniya; da barazanar bullfrog misali ne na yadda nau'in halitta zai iya canza yanayin muhalli da kuma shafar haifuwar sauran al'ummomi. Asara da rarrabuwa na mazaunin zama, gurbacewar ruwa, da canjin yanayi da kuma enfermedades gaggawa (kamar chytrid mycoses) sun haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a a yankuna da yawa.
Yawancin hanyoyin haihuwa sun dogara da musamman microhabitats (tafkuna na wucin gadi, bromeliads, rafukan inuwa). Bacewar tafki ko raguwar zafi na gida na iya dakatar da sake kunnawa na dukan jama'a. Nau'i tare da filastik A cikin haifuwar su za su iya daidaitawa da kyau, zabar wuraren shimfidawa daban-daban bisa ga yanayin, yayin da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun sun fi rauni.
Ayyukan kiyayewa sun haɗa da kariya daga dausayi, Maido da tafki, sarrafa nau'in cin zarafi, kula da lafiya da shirye-shiryen kiwo da sake dawowa don nau'ikan mahimmanci. Ilimin muhalli da ilimin ɗan ƙasa suma na asali don ganowa da rage barazanar cikin lokaci.
Asalin da juyin halittar amphibians
Zuriyar amphibian ta samo asali daga de peces ruwa mai dadi tare da fins lobed, iya tallafawa nauyin su da motsi a kan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan. A tsawon lokaci, waɗannan fins sun tashi gabobi da yatsu, share fagen mamaye yankunan suberial. Daga cikin tetrapods na farko, siffofin irin su Acanthostega o ichthyostega Suna nuna matsakaicin fasali tsakanin rayuwar ruwa da ta duniya.
Canji daga ruwa zuwa ƙasa yana da alaƙa da binciken sababbin albarkatu da kuma mayar da martani ga yanayin yanayi masu canzawa (fari, bambance-bambance a cikin ruwa). Fatar jiki da numfashi na fata, metamorphosis da ectothermic physiology sune mabuɗin don faɗaɗa kasancewar amphibians a ciki da yawa daga cikin duniya, sai dai a cikin matsanancin sanyi ko bushewar yankuna.
Bayan sanin yadda suke haifuwa, irin nau'ikan da ke wanzu da kuma menene mafi mahimmancin halayen su, an fahimci dalilin da yasa masu amphibians suke irin wannan rukuni. m da ban sha'awa: ta biyu mahada da ruwa da ƙasa, da bambancin dabarun haihuwa, metamorphosis da azancin fatar jikinsu ya sanya su farkon alamun lafiyar yanayin halittu da kuma 'yan wasa masu mahimmanci a cikin bambancin halittu na duniya.