Kwari sun mamaye kusan kowane yanayi a duniya, gami da ruwa. Daga tafkuna masu tsayi zuwa kogunan tsaunukaDubban nau'in jinsuna suna rayuwa gabaɗaya ko wani ɓangare suna da alaƙa da yanayin ruwa, tare da numfashi, ciyarwa da dabarun haihuwa daban-daban kamar yadda suke da ban mamaki.
A cikin wannan jagorar mai amfani amma dalla-dalla za ku samu Menene kwari na ruwa?, yadda suke shaka, yanayin rayuwarsu, yadda ake gane su a matakin yara da manya, wanne umarni da iyalai suka fito fili, misalai da sunayen kimiyya da rawar da suke takawa a matsayin bioindicators don tantance ingancin ruwa. Idan kun taɓa jin wani yana magana game da mayflies, caddisflies, nymphs, ko abubuwan da suka faru kuma ya yi kama da wani yare daban a gare ku, ga bayyananniyar hanya mai fa'ida ga masu ilimin halitta, malamai, da masuntan tashi.
Menene kwari na ruwa?
Kwarin ruwa su ne invertebrate arthropods. waɗanda ke haɓaka gaba ɗaya ko wani muhimmin ɓangaren rayuwarsu a cikin ruwa mai daɗi (koguna, raƙuman ruwa, rafuka, tafkuna, tudu). Wani kaso mai yawa na bambancin kwari yana da matakan samari na ruwa (lavae ko nymphs) da manya na iska, yayin da wasu ke zama a cikin ruwa na kusan tsawon rayuwarsu.
An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 3% na kwari ruwa ne, wanda ke fassara zuwa kusan nau'ikan 25.000-30.000 a duk duniya, kuma akwai kafofin da ke haɓaka adadin nau'ikan da aka kwatanta zuwa sama. 76.000 siffofin lokacin da aka yi la'akari da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi da nau'i. Ana rarraba wannan dukiya a tsakanin umarni da yawa kamar Odonata, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera daban-daban da Heteroptera, tare da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi amma masu ban sha'awa irin su Megaloptera, wasu Neuroptera, pyralid Lepidoptera, da wasu Hymenoptera.
A cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa sun mamaye microhabitat daban-daban: a ƙarƙashin duwatsu, a cikin raƙuman oxygenated, backwaters, wuraren waha, a tsakanin ciyayi masu nitsewa ko yawo a saman ruwa. Da yawa suna cikin ruwa sosai a matsayin matasa da kuma iska a matsayin manya; wasu kuma su ne masu ruwa-ruwa, irin su silifas gliders (Gerridae) da danginsu, waɗanda ke cin gajiyar tashin hankali na sama don tsallake-tsallake.
A cikin tafkunan ruwa da ƙananan ruwa ya zama ruwan dare don samun al'umma daban-daban ’yan kwale-kwale, kunama na ruwa, tsutsa na mazari da ƙwaro na ruwaKowane ɗayan waɗannan halittu suna ba da gudummawar mahimman ayyuka ga sarkar abinci: daga mafarauta waɗanda ke sarrafa yawan jama'a zuwa masu ɓarna waɗanda ke sake sarrafa kwayoyin halitta.
Ta yaya ƙwarin ruwa ke shaƙa?
Numfashi a cikin yanayin ruwa ya motsa m karbuwaWasu tsutsa suna musayar iskar gas ta hanyar yaduwa ta hanyar integument, wasu suna amfani da gills na tracheal, wasu kuma suna amfani da kumfa na iska ko ainihin "gills na jiki."
- Kumfa na iska da gill na zahiriWasu Heteroptera da Coleoptera suna kama iska tsakanin gashin hydrophobic ko ƙarƙashin elytra. Lokacin da iskar oxygen ke cinyewa, ɓangaren ɓangarensa yana faɗuwa, kuma narkar da O2 yana bazuwa daga ruwa zuwa cikin kumfa, yana kiyaye wadatar na mintuna ko sa'o'i. A wasu lokuta, ana kiran wannan ingantaccen fim plasta, Layer goyon bayan microsetae wanda baya buƙatar sabuntawa akai-akai.
- Bututun numfashi (siphon): wasu nau'ikan suna zuwa saman sama ta amfani da "snorkel" don samun iska mai iska. Wannan yana ba mu damar zama cikin ruwa maras kyau a cikin iskar oxygen. inda sauran halittu da yawa ba za su bunƙasa ba.
- Tracheal gills (Tracheobranchial tubes): Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan tsarin tsarin tracheal wanda ke sauƙaƙe musayar ruwa. Suna da yawa a ciki nymphs na mayflies, stoneflies da odonatesAmfanin su ya dogara ne akan sabunta ruwa, don haka yawancin nau'ikan suna samar da motsin iska, musamman a cikin ruwan sanyi.
- Numfashi na tsaka-tsaki: ta hanyar ƙara yawan ban ruwa na hemolymphatic da haɓaka jiki (jinin jini), jikin jiki yana aiki a matsayin sashin numfashi. A cikin Diptera da yawa, hemolymph na iya ƙunsar pigments tare da babban kusanci ga oxygen, wanda ke sa rayuwa ta fi sauƙi a cikin mahallin anoxic.
- Amfani da aerenchyma: tsutsa na wasu beetles (misali, Kyauta) da Diptera suna samun iskar oxygen daga iska mai iska na tsire-tsire na cikin ruwa, suna shigar da tsarin numfashi a cikin shuka.
Baya ga tsarin, da nau'in tsarin tracheal Yana da mahimmanci: akwai larvae masu banƙyama (ba tare da spiracles na aiki ba) waɗanda suka dogara gaba ɗaya akan musayar iskar oxygen, yayin da wasu suna da spiracles masu aiki don kama iska idan ya cancanta. Wannan bambancin yana ba da damar mulkin mallaka daga sanyi, kogunan dutse masu iskar oxygen ko da tafkuna masu dumi ko maras inganci, idan dai akwai wani abin da ya dace.
Juyin rayuwa da metamorphosis: nymph, tsutsa, pupa, subimago da imago
A cikin kwarin ruwa masu dacewa da masana halitta da masunta, akwai manyan nau'ikan ci gaba guda biyu. Metamorphosis wanda bai cika ba (hemimetabola) Yana da kwai, nymph da manya matakan; cikakken metamorphosis (holometabola) yana ƙara matakin pupal tsakanin tsutsa da imago.
– Hemimetabolos: umarni irin su Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Plecoptera (stoneflies) da Odonata (dragonflies da damselflies) su ne nymphs na ruwa waɗanda suke raguwa sau da yawa har sai sun kai ga babba mai fuka-fuki. Mayflies na musamman ne saboda suna wucewa ta hanyar a subimago (jihar mai fuka-fuka ta farko) kafin tabbatacciyar imago.
- Halitta: Diptera, Trichoptera, Coleoptera, Megaloptera, Neuroptera, Lepidoptera da wasu Hymenoptera na ruwa suna tasowa akai-akai kamar tsutsotsi, sa'an nan kuma pupate (wani lokaci a cikin kwakwa ko puparium) kuma a ƙarshe suna fitowa a matsayin manya masu fuka-fuki.
Ga wadanda suka lura a cikin ruwa, yana da amfani don gane matakan: nymph (fuka-fuki masu tasowa da ake iya gani a matsayin faranti; kafafu masu kyau). tsutsa (ba tare da shaci-fashe ba kuma sau da yawa tsutsotsi-kamar bayyanar). red (fukafukai masu tasowa amma gaɓoɓin da ke manne a jiki ko cikin kwakwa), ullowar (lokacin hawan da canji kusa da saman) da manya (fuka-fuki masu aiki da ayyukan iska).
Yawancin nau'ikan suna aiki tare da fitowar da yanayin muhalli. Abubuwa kamar zafin ruwa, photoperiod, ruwan sama da kuma tsayi tasiri maturation da lokacin haihuwa. A cikin manyan tsaunuka, alal misali, fitowar na iya jinkirta idan aka kwatanta da wurare masu zafi, kuma wasu nau'in sun tsawaita lokacin tashin lokacin rani lokacin da yanayi ya yarda.
Wani yanki na wuyar warwarewa shine diapuse, ɗan dakatawar da aka tsara ta jiki wanda zai iya faruwa a cikin ƙwai, tsutsa, kutuka, ko manya. Wannan dabarun "yana tsammanin" lokuta marasa kyau (mafi girman sanyi, fari, rashin abinci) kuma yana taimakawa tabbatar da sake zagayowar a cikin yanayi daban-daban.
Aiki ganewa: manya da marasa girma
Tare da kulawa mai kyau za ku iya gano babban rukuni. A cikin manya, duba fuka-fuki, wutsiya (cerci), antennae da yanayin hutawa:
- Ephemera: 2-3 dogayen wutsiya; fikafikan riqe da su a tsaye lokacin da suke zaune.
- caddisflies: fuka-fuki masu gashi tare da "rufin" akan ciki; dogayen eriya, wani lokacin in dai jiki.
- Odonates: manyan idanu; tapered ciki; a cikin kwari na dodanniya fuka-fukan suna hutawa a kai tsaye, a cikin damselflies a layi daya da jiki.
- gida kwari: wutsiya biyu, fuka-fukai sun dunkule saman ciki.
- Diptera: fikafikai guda biyu na bayyane kuma babu wutsiya akan ciki.
A cikin rashin girma, alamun gani suna canzawa. Kula da wutsiyoyi, gills, da siffar kai/ciki zuwa sanya lakabin nymph ko tsutsa:
- Mayfly nymph: 2-3 wutsiya; gills na gefe a kan ciki; kafafu da katsa guda daya.
- Stonefly nymph: ba tare da ƙwanƙwasa na gefe na gefe ba; wani lokacin gill filaments a kan thorax; kafafu da farata biyu.
- Odonate nymphs: manyan idanu; elongated ko robust-oval jiki; m lebe.
- Dipteran tsutsa: jiki mai kama da tsutsa; rage ko kai na ciki; babu ci gaba na gaskiya kafafu.
- Caddisfly tsutsa: bayyanar "caterpillar" tare da kafafu na thoracic; yawanci suna gina sassan yashi, rassan, ko siliki.
Babban umarni da fitattun iyalai
Don tsara tunani a hankali, yana taimakawa wajen tunawa me metamorphosis kowane oda ke yi:
- HemimetabolousEphemeroptera (mayflies), Plecoptera (stoneflies), Odonata (dragonflies da teku).
- Holometabolous: Diptera (ƙuda da sauro), Trichoptera (phryganids), Coleoptera (ruwa beetles), Megaloptera (sialine beetles), Neuroptera (wasu na cikin ruwa tsutsa), Lepidoptera (aquatic pyralids), Hymenoptera (Agriotypus, da dai sauransu).
- Odonata (Doragonflies da dawakai): masu tashi, manya masu farauta; nymphs na ruwa tare da ikon farauta lebe. Anisoptera (dragonflies) tare da nau'i-nau'i na fuka-fuki marasa daidaituwa, masu ƙarfi; Zygoptera (dawakan teku) masu fikafikai daidai da slimmer.
- Ephemeroptera: tsaka-tsakin subimago a gaban imago; nymphs tare da nau'i daban-daban (masu damuwa don saurin igiyoyin ruwa, masu iyo don jinkirin ruwa, burrowers, masu tafiya). Da yawa goge periphyton ko tace barbashi, ko da yake akwai na musamman mafarauta.
- Plecoptera: Ƙunƙarar ƙwanƙwasa tare da cerci guda biyu da sassan baki; kyawawan alamun sanyi, ruwan oxygenated. Manya ba su da filaye kuma, dangane da iyali, suna iya ciyarwa kaɗan ko a'a.
- Trichoptera: tsutsa da ke gina lokuta tare da kayan daga yanayi ko siliki; m bioindicators. Yin jima'i a cikin ɗaki ko a cikin akwati. Manya masu fuka-fuki masu gashi sun ninke cikin rufin.
- Diptera: Matsanancin bambancin tsutsa (saprophagous, phytophagous, predatory, parasitic); yawancin nau'ikan ruwa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin matakan tsutsa da faril. Daban-daban dabarun haihuwa, daga rawan aure zuwa parthenogenesis.
- Coleoptera (ƙwaƙwalwar ruwa): iyalai irin su Dytiscidae (divers) da Hydrophilidae (hydrophilids) tare da manya na ruwa da tsutsa; wasu madaidaicin matakai. Suna amfani da ajiyar iska, plastrons, ko tracheobranchs; trophic gwamnatoci daga masu farauta zuwa detritivores da phytophages.
- Heteroptera na ruwa: Corixidae (masu jirgin ruwa) tare da ƙafar ƙafa masu kama da ƙafa; Naucoridae na ruwan oxygenated; Gerridae (masu yin takalma) Sun yi ta tsallake-tsallake a saman saboda godiyar gashi mai hana ruwa. Nepidae ( kunama na ruwa ) suma suna numfashi ta hanyar siphoning.
- Megaloptera: Larvae masu girma, masu farauta, da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu; manya masu ɗan gajeren lokaci, yin zawarci ta hanyar girgiza ko siginar sinadarai. Kyakkyawan alamun ruwa mai tsabta.
- Neuroptera: wasu larvae na ruwa ne ko na ruwa; Sisyridae ya dogara soso mai sabo, yayin da Osmylidae ke farautar ƙwayayen dipteran a cikin ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano.
- Lepidoptera (Pyralids na ruwa): phytophagous larvae a cikin macrophytes, tare da hanyoyin numfashi da suka fara daga numfashi na tegumentary zuwa plastron a cikin wasu nau'i.
- Hymenoptera: jinsi Agriotypus Yana tsaye a matsayin parasitoid na caddisfly pupae; mata za su iya nutse don yin kwai kusa da mai masaukinsa.
Misalai na jinsuna da iyalai (samfuran wakilai)
Daga cikin na ruwa beetles ruwan ƙwaro ya fito waje Hydrophilus piceus, na manyan dangi girman, da kuma digiscids kamar yadda Dytiscus marginalis y Dytiscus latissimusWasu fitattun iyalai: Gyrinidae (suna iyo ta hanyar juyawa sama). Haliplidae, Noteridae, Elmidae e Hygrobiidae.
A cikin Heteroptera suna da yawa Gerridae kamar yadda Gerris lacusris y Aquarius remigis, Corixidae (misali, Corixa punctata) y Belostomatidae (katuwar ruwa). odonates hada da dodanni irin su Anax imperator, Libellula depressa o Orthetrum cancellatum da kananan dawakai kamar Calopteryx virgo o Coenagion Mercuriale.
A matsayin nuni na kimanin girman tunani, waɗannan nau'ikan suna misalta iri-iri (tsawon tsayi na yau da kullun): Acilius sulcatus (1,2-1,8 cm), Aeshna cyanea (9-11 cm), Anax imperator (11-15 cm), Aquarius remigis (3,5-4,5 cm), Colymbetes fuscus (1,8-2,2 cm), Cordulegaster boltonii (14-16 cm), Corixa punctata (1,3-1,5 cm), Dytiscus marginalis (4-6 cm), Gerris lacusris (3,5-4,5 cm), Gyrinus natator (0,5-1,5 cm), Halobates sericeus (0,2-0,4 cm), Hydrometra stagnorum (1-2 cm), Hydrophilus piceus (5,5-6,5 cm), Ilyocoris cimicoides (1,2-1,6 cm), Lethocerus americanus (4,5-5,5 cm), Ranatra linearis (4,5-5,5 cm), Somatochlora metallica (5,5-6,5 cm), Velia caprai (0,6-0,9 cm)Wannan samfurin yana ba da ra'ayi game da faɗin yanayin halitta tsakanin umarni da iyalai.
Halin haihuwa da dabaru
Lokacin tashi (manyan) yana mai da hankali kan watsawa, zawarci da haifuwaPhenology ana daidaita shi ta yanayin zafin ruwa, lokacin daukar hoto, iska, ko hazo, tare da bambance-bambancen dangane da latitude da tsayi. Yawan yawan tsaunuka kan jinkirta fitowar kuma, a wasu lokuta, suna tsawaita zagayen matasa.
Don ganowa da gane juna, jinsin suna amfani da su tarzoma - na kowa a cikin mayflies, diptera da caddisflies -, tsaro na mating yankuna (sannu a cikin odonates) da siginar girgiza Sigina masu ɗaukar ƙasa (na al'ada a cikin dutsen dutse), ban da alamun gani da pheromones. Wadannan alamomi suna rage copular da ba su da nasara tsakanin jinsuna da sauƙaƙe da nasara.
La gasar jima'i Wannan ya haifar da halayen gadin abokan aure; misali, a cikin wari, namiji ya kasance tare da mace har sai ya kwanta (mai kula da lamba) ko rakiyar kusa (ba tare da tuntuɓar ba). A wasu ƙungiyoyi, an bayyana sifofi don cire maniyyin da suka gabata ko toshe ƙarin haɗin gwiwa, duk a matsayin wani ɓangare na tseren juyin halitta zuwa tabbatar da haihuwa.
A cikin Megaloptera canja wurin spermatophore, wanda mace za ta iya cinyewa bayan jima'i, samar da albarkatu. Oviposition na iya faruwa a saman ruwa, abubuwan da ke fitowa ko ma wani tsayi a cikin ciyayi na kogin, kyale tsutsa su fada cikin ruwa daga baya.
A cikin koguna, ana samun diyya ta hanyar ɓacin rai na ƙananan yara dawo da jiragen sama sama na manyan mata kafin yin ƙwai, kula da yawan jama'a a sassa masu kyau na kogin.
Ayyukan muhalli da ƙimar ingancin ruwa
Kwarin ruwa na ruwa shine tushen tushen benthic macroinvertebrates tare da wasu kungiyoyi, da kuma tsarin hadaddun gidajen yanar gizo na abinci: mafarauta (misali, dytiscids, odonates), scrapers da feeders (mayflies, caddisflies), detritivores da scavengers (diptera iri-iri da coleopterans). Kasancewar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun na yanzu, masu ruwa da tsaki na ruwa a lokaci guda da masu ruwa da tsaki na ruwa yana tabbatar da sarrafa makamashi da abubuwan gina jiki a kusan kowane jikin ruwa mai dadi.
Kamar yadda bioindicators, macroinvertebrates damar da kimantawa na nazarin halittu ingancin tare da hankali da ƙananan farashi. Fihirisa kamar BMWP (a matakin iyali kuma tare da ingantattun bayanai kan kasancewar/rashi) suna ba da ƙididdiga bisa ga juriya ga gurɓataccen kwayoyin halitta: iyalai masu mahimmanci kamar su. Perlidae ko Oligoneuridae maki mai girma, yayin da ƙungiyoyi masu haƙuri kamar Tubificidae karbi ƙananan dabi'u. Ana gane al'ummar "lafiya" ta hanyar haɗin kai m da matsakaici m haraji bisa ga mazaunin.
Wannan hanyar tana gano sauye-sauye waɗanda ke da wahalar kamawa tare da ma'aunin sinadarai guda ɗaya, tun da biota ya haɗu da matsalolin muhalli kan lokaci. Bugu da ƙari, ganewa yawanci yana yiwuwa tare da gilashin ƙara girma da jagororin tushe, yana mai da shi manufa don sa ido a cikin koguna, koguna, da wuraren dausayi.
Bayanan kula ga masuntan gardama
Makullin kwaikwayo yana ciki samun tsari da mataki daidaiIdan ka ga fuka-fuki sun baje sama da wutsiya biyu ko uku, watakila kwari ne; idan kwarin ya fito da harka, yi tunani mara kyau; idan ka ga wani gaggawar kawai yana karya saman, yana iya zama lokacin farin ciki na ƙyanƙyasheGano ko yawan kuda mai tsutsa ne, tsutsa, pupa, buguwa, subimago, ko imago yana sauƙaƙa zaɓin tsarin tashi kuma, tare da shi, nasara.
A cikin ruwan sanyi na dutse yawanci suna yin nasara mayfly da stonefly nymphs a baya, yayin da magariba ta yi rawa na subimagos yana nuna mayafin. Lokacin da caddis kwari ya taɓa, mata zasu iya sa qwai a koma cikin ruwa, kuma sake ƙirƙira wannan lokacin tare da tsari mai tasowa sau da yawa tabbatacce ne.
A karshen wannan yawon shakatawa, kun ga cewa kwari na ruwa ba kawai "kwayoyin ruwa ba ne", amma mosaic na ruwa. na numfashi karbuwaZagayen rayuwa masu ban sha'awa, ɗabi'un zawarci da dabarun oviposition, tare da ƙaƙƙarfan muhalli da mahimmancin amfani: daga nuna lafiyar koguna da tafkuna har ma da ƙwaƙƙwaran yanke shawara na kamun kifi. Fahimtar umarni, iyalai, da matakan rayuwa suna ba mu damar karanta ruwa ta idanu daban-daban kuma muna godiya da bambance-bambancen da ke kula da yanayin yanayin ruwan mu.