Shigowa da kafa kambun bijimin na Amurka a Turai, da bayyanarsa na baya-bayan nan a cikin Ebro Delta, sun kashe duk wani tashin hankali na kiyayewa saboda Yana daya daga cikin nau'ikan 100 mafi cutarwa a cewar IUCN. Wannan ba labari ba ne: babba ne, mai fa'ida kuma mai saurin daidaitawa wanda, lokacin da ake haifuwa a waje da yankinsa, yana haifar da É“arna na tasirin muhalli wanda ke shafar tsarin dabbobi, flora da tsarin halittu.
A Spain, bayan gano tadpoles masu jituwa tare da tabbatar da asalin halittarsu, gwamnatoci da kungiyoyin kiyayewa sun kunna matakan sarrafa gaggawa. A lokaci guda kuma, an tuna cewa bullfrog, wanda aka haɗa a cikin Kas ɗin Mutanen Espanya na Dabbobin Baƙi da kuma jerin ƙasashen Turai. ba za a iya tallatawa ko sakewa ba, kuma kasancewarsu na iya haifar da mummunar matsalolin rayayyun halittu da kuma, a wasu yanayi, matsalolin kiwon lafiyar jama'a.
Mene ne bullfrog kuma me yasa yake barazana?
'Yan asali zuwa Arewacin Amirka, tare da rarrabawa daga sassan Mexico zuwa Kanada, bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) Ya fadada zuwa Yammacin Turai da yankuna da yawa a Kudancin Amurka da AsiyaA gaskiya ma, ya riga ya kasance a cikin nahiyoyi hudu da kuma a cikin fiye da kasashe 40, a bayyane yake nuna girman ikon mulkin mallaka lokacin da ya sami yanayi mai kyau.
Girmansa ya yi fice a tsakanin masu amphibians: mabambantan majiyoyi sun ambaci daidaikun mutane waɗanda suka wuce 20 cm kuma suna auna kusan gram 600, sannan akwai kuma nassoshi game da samfuran da suka kai mm 460 kuma kusan kilo 1; ko da tadpoles iya auna kusan 17 cm. Bugu da ƙari, yana da alamun kunnuwa madauwari a ɓangarorin kai da kuma riga mai launin kore ko launin toka mai launin toka mai duhu; zurfin muryar sa, wanda aka kwatanta da zurfin baritone (ruwa-o-rum), Yana kama da motsin saniya kuma yana haifar da sunanta na kowa.
A cikin wurin da aka fi so, tana zaune har yanzu ko ruwa mai gudana a hankali: tafkuna, lagoons, marshes, da swamps. A waje da kewayon asalinsa, yana nuna alaƙa ga sauye-sauye ko yanayi mara kyau, inda gasa da matsananciyar mafarauta suka yi ƙasa. Ƙara wa wannan sassauci shine ikon yin tafiya mai nisa, nuna juriya ga wasu cututtuka, kuma, yayin da yake girma. Kusan ba shi da mafarauta masu tasiri, wanda ke ƙara yawan cin nasara.
Abincin yana da fa'ida sosai. Wannan amphibian yana haɗiye ƙananan kasusuwa da masu kashin baya: macizai, kifi, ƙananan tsuntsaye, rodents, sauran kwadi, tadpoles, jemagu, tsutsotsi, kwari, da crustaceans. Yana farauta ta hanyar zage-zage, yana cin gajiyar dare don kwanto duk wani abin ganima da ya dace da kafafunsa masu ƙarfi da manyan baki. Maza suna da yanki kuma suna da karfi wajen kare sararin su, yayin da mata, an ruwaito, na iya zama dan kadan girma; gaba daya, dabi'unsu na farauta da gasa bayyana yawancin tasirinsa.
Tasirin muhallin da aka rubuta ya kewayo daga gyare-gyaren mazaunin zuwa sauye-sauye na trophic. Canje-canje a cikin tsarin tsarin ruwa, abubuwan gina jiki da ma'adinai, samar da haske, har ma da sigogi irin su salinity da pH an bayyana su. An kuma lura da tasiri akan tsarin ciyayi da abun da ke ciki da yawan dangi na nau'in asali. da kuma karkata daga tsarin maye na yau da kullun shuke-shuken da ke canza yanayin yanayin muhalli na tsarin mamayewa.
- Tasiri kan hanyoyin jiki da sinadarai na ruwa: na gina jiki, haske, pH da salinity ana iya canzawa.
- Gyaran tsarin al'umma da ciyayi: canje-canje a cikin yawa da maye gurbin jinsuna.
- Matsin lamba kai tsaye daga tsinkaya da gasa akan amphibians da sauran kasusuwa na asali, ciki har da tadpoles na asali.
- Haɗarin lafiya saboda kasancewa mai ɗaukar ƙwayoyin cuta kamar fungi, ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta, tare da tasirin yawan jama'a.
Mahimmin batu shine matsayinsa a matsayin tafki ga ƙwayoyin cuta. Yana iya ɗauka da watsa naman gwari. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, an gano a duk duniya a cikin raguwar nau'in amphibian da yawa. Wannan kwado kuma yana iya ɗaukar ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban, don haka lokacin da aka shigar da su cikin tsarin da dabbobin gida ba su haɓaka tare da waɗannan wakilai ba. haɗarin barkewar cutar da mutuwar jama'a yana ƙaruwa a cikin jama'ar ƴan asalin ƙasar da ke da rauni.
Bayan bambance-bambancen halittu, an lura da yiwuwar haɗari ga ɗan adam lokacin cinye samfurori daga gurɓataccen ruwa. A cikin waɗannan al'amuran, haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta na abubuwa masu cutarwa na iya yin tasiri ga amincin abinci, lamarin da ke nuna mahimmancin Matsalar ta wuce tsayayyen yanayin muhalli lokacin da wannan nau'in ya yaɗu a cikin gurɓatattun wurare.
Halin da ake ciki a Spain: Ebro Delta, hanyoyin shiga da amsawa
A cikin Ebro Delta, yayin nazarin nazarin halittu ta hanyar amfani da koren tacewa a cikin rabi na hagu na delta, an gano tadpoles da yawa tare da halaye masu dacewa a tsakiyar watan Yuni, wanda daga baya aka tabbatar da kwayoyin halitta da kuma morphologically a matsayin bullfrogs. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da wannan nau'in ke haifuwa a cikin daji a kasar Spain, wani tsalle mai inganci wanda a cewar masana. yana ƙara gaggawar yin aiki kafin matsalar ta fita daga sarrafawa.
Bayar da rahoton ganowa ga Ma'aikatar Canjin Muhalli ya ba da damar kunna tsarin gargaɗin farko don nau'ikan baƙi masu cin zarafi da haɗin gwiwar tallafi ga gwamnatin Catalan, wacce ke da alhakin gudanarwa. Tun daga farko, ana yin samfura da kamawa: wani yaƙin neman zaɓe ya yi nasarar tattara samfuran 406 (dukkan tadpoles a matakai daban-daban, ciki har da wasu a cikin metamorphosis), kuma wani sabuntawar hukuma ya ba da rahoton cewa an cire tadpoles kusan 600. Akalla manya hudu aka gano ta hanyar sa ido. bayyanannun alamun yawan jama'a a cikin kewayen.
Daga cikin mafi saurin matakan da aka ɗauka shine rufe hanyoyin shigar ruwa da fitar da koren tacewa don killace tushen. A sa'i daya kuma, ana ci gaba da aikin gina ingantacciyar hanya don hana guduwar daidaikun mutane, kuma da zarar an tsare wurin, za a kara kaimi tare da tantance hanyoyin ruwa don hana yaduwarsu. Waɗannan matakan suna haɓaka ta hanyar nazarin aikin ruwa na yankin da ci gaba da shirin sa ido. maɓalli don daidaita girman mayar da hankali da kimanta tasirin sarrafawa.
- Gudanar da manya ta hanyar shinge da kama aiki, fifikon kawar da masu shayarwa.
- Kulawa a yankin da abin ya shafa da kewayenta don gano leaks ko tauraron dan adam, tare da samfurin lokaci-lokaci.
- Kulawa da sigogi na ruwa na tsarin da daidaitawa a cikin sarrafa ruwa, gami da tsarewa.
- Kimanta hanyoyin kawar da tsutsa a cikin koren tacewa, a cikin shirin kawarwa.
Masu fasaha sun yarda cewa ganowar ya faru ne a farkon wuri da wuri sosai, wanda ke ba da damar kawar da shi idan an dauki mataki cikin sauri da sauri. SEO/BirdLife ya nemi hukumomi da su hanzarta aiwatar da matakan da suka dace, tare da nacewa hakan Kowane mako yana ƙididdigewa don hana bijimin tarwatsewa. zuwa wuraren da ke kusa da samun ƙasa.
Wannan dai ba shi ne karon farko da ake ganin irin nau'in a kasar ba, amma shi ne na farko da aka tabbatar da haifuwa. An rubuta wani mutum a cikin 1999 a cikin Collserola Natural Park da kuma wani samfurin a cikin 2012 a cikin Ebro Delta kanta; duk da haka, waɗannan binciken sun kasance keɓantacce. Bambancin yanzu yana da yawa saboda kasancewar tabbatattun tadpoles da mawaƙa manya. Ya ƙunshi zagayowar rayuwa mai aiki a cikin muhalli, wanda ke ninka haɗarin kafawa.
Yaya aka yi ta iso? Mafi yawan hanyoyin shiga su ne kiwo da ake kamawa don cinyewa (kiwo) da cinikin dabbobi. Tsakanin 1987 zuwa 1990, an kafa gonaki a sassan Spain kamar Cáceres, Madrid, da León, kuma duk da cewa shigar da nau'in a cikin Katalogin Mutanen Espanya na Dabbobin Baƙi a cikin 2013 ya dakatar da kasuwancin, cinikin haram ba ya ɓace gaba ɗaya. Ƙari ga wannan akwai sakewa da rashin gaskiya ko tserewa ba da son rai ba, waɗanda wallafe-wallafen da aka ambata a matsayin dalilan gabatarwa akai-akai. Ba zai zama ba a sani ba ga daidaikun mutane su saki samfuran lokacin da ba a iya sarrafa su saboda girman..
Tsarin tsari a bayyane yake. An jera bullfrog a cikin Royal Decree 630/2013 (Katalogin Mutanen Espanya na IAS) da kuma a cikin Doka (EU) 1143/2014 akan rigakafi da sarrafa nau'ikan nau'ikan baƙi masu cin zarafi, kuma yana cikin nau'ikan 100 mafi muni na IUCN. Muhawarar jama'a ta yi nuni da cewa sauye-sauyen shari'a da ke saukaka saki don kamun kifi ko farauta na iya haifar da zarafi masu hatsari idan ba'a sarrafa su sosai ba, lamarin da wasu muryoyi daban-daban suka yi kira da a yi tunani a kansa saboda yuwuwar hakan. haifar da rashin daidaituwa da ke da wuya a juyo.
Gwamnonin suna jaddada haɗin kai da kimiyyar da aka yi amfani da su: samfurin kwayoyin halitta da na halitta, matakan ruwa don ɗaukar fashewar, zaɓin kamawa, da rufe kewaye. SEO / BirdLife, a nata bangare, ya fitar da rahotannin fasaha da shawarwari, yayin da ƙungiyoyin jama'a suka yada takaddun shaida. Ga waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙarin bayani, akwai albarkatu kamar rahoton sarrafawa da kawar da Generalitat da takardar fasaha na minista: daftarin aiki y nau'in takardar, cewa taimako don haɗa ƙa'idodin shiga tsakani.
Baya ga fannin fasaha da na shari'a, ana kuma buƙatar alhakin zamantakewa. Dole ne a sanar da duk wani abin gani ga hukumomin muhalli; Kada a taba sakin dabbobi da tadpoles cikin daji; kuma, a cikin muhallin ruwa masu mahimmanci, ana ba da shawarar yin taka tsantsan don guje wa jigilar kwayoyin halitta a tsakanin jikunan ruwa ba da gangan ba. Waɗannan jagororin, kamar na asali kamar yadda suke iya gani, yin bambanci a cikin tsarin kamar maras ƙarfi kamar wuraren dausayi.
Shaidar da ake da ita tana zana hoton nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in filastik mai girma, sha'awar ci mara iyaka, da kuma ikon canza mahimman matakai a cikin mahalli na ruwa. Ganowa da wuri a cikin Ebro Delta da martanin da aka riga aka fara yana ba da taga dama don dakile ta, amma taga ba za ta ci gaba da buɗewa ba har abada: Idan bullfrog ya watse kuma ya ƙarfafa yawan jama'a, farashin sarrafawa da lalacewar muhalli za su yi hauhawa.Sabili da haka, yin aiki da sauri, daidaita tsarin kula da ruwa, kula da hankali, ƙarfafa tsarin bin doka, da kuma kula da matsa lamba sune mafi mahimmancin levers a yau don kare nau'in halittu na gida da lafiyar halittun ruwa.