Domin tsararraki axolotl ya tada sha'awar ilimin kimiyya saboda karfinsa na ban mamaki sake farfado da gaba daya gabobi bayan rauni. Wannan dabbar, wacce ta mamaye Mexico kuma tana da kusan siffa ta tatsuniyoyi, batu ne na wasu sabbin abubuwan da aka gano a cikin ilimin halitta mai sabuntawa. Abin sha'awa tare da ikon dawo da hannaye, hannaye, ko ma gabobin jiki kamar zuciya da kashin baya, ya kasance yana inganta bincike tsawon shekaru wadanda a yanzu sun fara bayar da cikakkun bayanai.
Yawancin bincike da aka buga a cikin mujallu na kimiyya sun bayyana, dalla-dalla. Yadda axolotl ya “san” ainihin sashin jiki don sake ginawaWaɗannan binciken, dangane da gwaje-gwajen da aka gyara ta kwayoyin halitta, Suna buɗe ƙofa don ƙarin fahimtar asirin yanayi da kuma tsara hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na gaba waɗanda zasu iya canza magungunan mutane Har abada.
Sirrin kwayoyin halitta: retinoic acid, enzymes da kwayoyin halitta
Makullin tsari yana cikin a kananan kwayoyin da ake kira retinoic acid, wanda aka samo daga bitamin A kuma yana cikin duka axolotls da mutane. Wannan sinadari da ake amfani da shi sosai wajen maganin fata da kuraje. yana aiki azaman nau'in tsarin kewayawa don sel a cikin yankin rauni, yana nuna tare da madaidaicin millimetric abin da nama ya kamata a kafa. Masana kimiyya sun gano hakan adadin retinoic acid Shi ne abin da "sanarwa" ko lokaci ya yi da za a sake farfado da yatsa, hannu ko duka hannu.
Tsarin ya fi nagartaccen tsari, tunda Ba wai kawai retinoic acid ke ciki ba. Wani enzyme mai suna Saukewa: CYP26B1, alhakin wulakanta wannan fili, yana daidaita maida hankali tare da hannu. Kusa da jiki, matakan retinoic acid sun fi girma, da kuma wurare masu nisa, kamar yatsun hannu. rage. Lokacin da aka hana wannan enzyme ta wucin gadi, axolotls na iya haɓaka gaɓoɓi marasa daidaituwa, har ma da kwafin sassan jiki waɗanda ba lallai ba ne su sake gina su.
Tare da waɗannan abubuwan, masu bincike sun gano a takamaiman jinsin da ake kira SHOX, wanda kuma yake a cikin mutane kuma yana tsarawa girman dogayen kashi a lokacin farfadowa. Canza aikin SHOX zai iya haifar da gabobi gajere marar al'ada, yana nuna cewa wannan "canjin kwayoyin halitta" yana da mahimmanci a cikin axolotls da kuma a cikin nau'in mu.
Ta yaya sel axolotl ke cimma wannan nasarar?
Lokacin da axolotl ke fama da asarar wata kafa, wani rauni yana samuwa a wurin da aka samu rauni. tsarin salula mai suna blastemaWannan rukuni na sel, kama da ƙwayoyin amfrayo, ya ƙunshi yuwuwar zama kowane nau'in nama: kashi, tsoka, fata ko jijiyoyi. Abu mafi ban mamaki shi ne, godiya ga "gradient" na retinoic acid. Waɗannan sel suna iya "tuna" ainihin matsayin yanke yanke kuma kawai sabunta abin da ya ɓace.
Don fahimtar wannan tsari, masana kimiyya sunyi aiki tare Axolotls da aka gyara ta halitta waɗanda ke haskaka haske lokacin da kwayoyin su suka amsa ga retinoic acid. Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa kwayar halitta tana jagorantar ƙwayoyin blastema da wancan enzyme CYP26B1 yana tabbatar da cewa tsarin yana tsayawa lokacin da memba ya cika.
Yana da ban sha'awa cewa, ko da yake dabbobi masu shayarwa da mutane suna da kwayoyin halitta da kwayoyin halitta iri ɗaya. Jikinmu yana amsa manyan raunuka ta hanyar haifar da tabo maimakon sababbin membobin. Wannan bambanci, a cewar masana, ya ta'allaka ne kan yadda sel mu ke fassara siginar sinadarai bayan rauni.
Abubuwan da ke haifar da maganin ɗan adam: Shin muna kusa da sabunta gaɓoɓi?
Daidaita tsakanin axolotl da mutane yana haifar da bege cewa idan za mu iya sake kunna waɗannan hanyoyin, Za mu iya wata rana mu farfado da hannaye ko ƙafafu da suka ɓaceWasu jariran ɗan adam sun riga sun nuna ikon dawo da yatsa bayan rauni, suna nuna hakan yuwuwar sake farfadowa akwai, ko da akwai barci a cikin girma.
A halin yanzu, bincike yana mai da hankali kan gano yadda kunna wannan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar kwayoyin halitta y sake tsara ƙwayoyin jikin mutum don dakatar da tabo da ba da damar cikakken farfadowa. Dabaru irin su CRISPR editan kwayoyin halitta da ci-gaban hanyoyin kwantar da hankulan tantanin halitta sune manyan fare don haɓaka maganin farfadowa.
Wadannan binciken a cikin axolotls ba kawai buɗe yiwuwar warkar da raunuka masu tsanani ko cututtuka masu lalacewa a cikin mutane ba, amma har ma. taimaka don ƙarin fahimtar lambar nazarin halittu da aka rabaIdan kimiyya za ta iya tona asirin sake haifuwa a cikin waɗannan dabbobin, yuwuwar dawo da gaɓoɓin da ya ɓace zai iya zama kusa.
